Unit 9 Interwar Period Review

Base your answer to this question on the article below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Atatürk’s Fashion Police

Turkey’s restrictions on wearing overtly religious-oriented attire are rooted in the founding of the modern, secular Turkish state, when the republic’s founding father, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, introduced a series of clothing regulations designed to keep religious symbolism out of the civil service. The regulations were part of a sweeping series of reforms that altered virtually every aspect of Turkish life—from the civil code to the alphabet to education to social integration of the sexes.

The Western dress code at that time, though, was aimed at men. The fez—the short, conical, red-felt cap that had been in vogue [fashion] in Turkey since the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II made it part of the official national attire in 1826—was banished. Atatürk himself famously adopted a Panama hat to accent his Westernstyle gray linen suit, shirt, and tie when he toured the country in the summer of 1925 to sell his new ideas to a deeply conservative population. That autumn, the Hat Law of 1925 was passed, making European-style men’s headwear de rigueur [fashionable] and punishing fez-wearers with lengthy sentences of imprisonment at hard labor, and even a few hangings. . . .

— Roff Smith, “Why Turkey Lifted Its Ban on the Islamic Headscarf,” National Geographic, October 12, 2013

The phrases “deeply conservative population,” “lengthy sentences of imprisonment,” and “a few hangings” suggest that

• Atatürk’s reforms were eagerly embraced throughout Turkey

• tensions existed between reformers and traditionalists in Turkey

• the policy of westernization was abandoned by the Turkish government

• most Turks preferred punishment to rapid change

Base your answer to this question on the article below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Atatürk’s Fashion Police

Turkey’s restrictions on wearing overtly religious-oriented attire are rooted in the founding of the modern, secular Turkish state, when the republic’s founding father, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, introduced a series of clothing regulations designed to keep religious symbolism out of the civil service. The regulations were part of a sweeping series of reforms that altered virtually every aspect of Turkish life—from the civil code to the alphabet to education to social integration of the sexes.

The Western dress code at that time, though, was aimed at men. The fez—the short, conical, red-felt cap that had been in vogue [fashion] in Turkey since the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II made it part of the official national attire in 1826—was banished. Atatürk himself famously adopted a Panama hat to accent his Westernstyle gray linen suit, shirt, and tie when he toured the country in the summer of 1925 to sell his new ideas to a deeply conservative population. That autumn, the Hat Law of 1925 was passed, making European-style men’s headwear de rigueur [fashionable] and punishing fez-wearers with lengthy sentences of imprisonment at hard labor, and even a few hangings. . . .

— Roff Smith, “Why Turkey Lifted Its Ban on the Islamic Headscarf,” National Geographic, October 12, 2013

According to this article by Roff Smith, the goal of Atatürk’s reforms was to

• prevent the elimination of the civil service system

• implement a legal system based on religious teachings

• revive Turkey’s interest in Ottoman-era customs

• modernize Turkey in the image of European nations

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the creation of nation-states in central Europe, and the formation of the League of Nations are results associated most directly with

• the Napoleonic Wars

• the Franco-Prussian War

• World War I

• World War II

The Armenian massacre (1910s) and the forced famine in Ukraine (1930s) are examples of

• international terrorism

• religious conflicts

• guerrilla warfare

• human rights violations

One way in which Emperor Meiji of Japan and Kemal Atatürk of Turkey are similar is that they both

• crushed secessionist movements

• worked to modernize their nations

• conquered eastern neighboring territories

• protested against economic sanctions

- Wearing of the fez outlawed (1925).

- Turkish state declared secular (1928).

- Women received the right to vote and hold office (1934).

Which idea was promoted by these actions taken in Turkey?

• industrialization

• conservatism

• ethnocentrism

• westernization

Which event occurred first and led to the other three?

• rise of fascism in Europe

• Bolshevik Revolution

• World War I

• signing the Treaty of Versailles

Which development occurred in Germany as a result of the terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles?

• Soviet occupation

• political instability

• overseas expansion

• economic prosperity

In a parliamentary system with multiple political parties in which no single party gains a majority, elections usually result in

• command economies

• religious conflict

• coalition governments

• secessionist movements

Which statement about the worldwide Depression of the 1930s is a fact rather than an opinion?

• Political leaders should have prevented the Depression.

• Germany was hurt more by the Treaty of Versailles than by the Depression.

• The economic upheaval of the Depression had major political effects.

• World War I was the only reason for the Depression.