Cognition Review

A prototype is a

• Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people

• step-by-step procedure for solving problems

• best example of a particular category

• rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently

Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called

• heuristics

• semantics

• prototypes

• algorithms

When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on the wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candle holder.  This best illustrates

• functional fixedness

• overconfidence

• confirmation bias

• availability heuristic

People told that a chemical is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is 0.000001.  This best illustrates the importance of

• belief perseverance

• framing

• functional fixedness

• confirmation bias

Which of the following illustrates belief perseverance?

• Your belief remains intact even in the face of contrary evidence

• You refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beliefs

• You tend to search for information that supports your beliefs

• Your beliefs tend to distort logical reasoning

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ____ of a bird

• heuristic

• prototype

• algorithm

• phoneme

Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of

•  belief bias

• the availability heuristic

• the representativeness heuristic

• functional fixedness

In relation to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75% lean” than to one referring to it as “25% fat”.  This is an example of

• the framing effect

• confirmation bias

• mental set

• overconfidence

Which cognitive bias involves overestimating the importance of information available to us?

• Confirmation bias

• Observer bias

• Availability heuristic

• Representativeness heuristic

Maintaining one's conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is known as: 

• the representativeness heuristic.
• belief perseverance.
• confirmation bias.
• functional fixedness.