The Renaissance

Martin Luther and his followers, initially called “evangelicals” (from the Greek word evangelion, meaning “good tidings”), came to be called “Protestants”

• when German princes and town leaders protested Charles V's declaration that Roman Catholicism was the empire's only legitimate religion.
• after Henry VIII established the Anglican church in protest of the pope's authority.
• after Pope Leo X referred to the reformers as misguided protesters.
• following the peasant uprising of 1525, during which peasants protested church-sanctioned abuse.

The Catholic church granted indulgences

• to all those who made a yearly pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
• in order to alleviate Christians' suffering in purgatory.
• to bishops and priests who wanted to marry.
• in order to entice heretics back into the fold.

When Luther first launched his effort to reform church practices, he saw himself as

• a militant Christian duty bound to attack the Antichrist (the pope).
• the leader of low-ranking clergy who resented their superiors' lives of luxury and lack of faith.
• a champion of a pure form of Christianity that would replace Roman Catholicism.
• the pope's “loyal opposition.”

Under the leadership of ________________________, Geneva became a disciplined Christian republic that did not tolerate dissenters.

In To the Nobility of the German Nation, _________________ appealed to German nationalism by calling on German princes to reform the church and resist exploitation by Italian clergy.

In 1527, Henry VIII took the first steps that would ultimately result in severing the English church's ties with Rome because he

• believed that this would strengthen his position in his struggle with Parliament for power.
• wanted to divorce his aging wife and marry again so that he could produce a male heir to the throne.
• had experienced a vision that told him he had to set up his own church independent of Rome or face military defeat and humiliation.
• had been persuaded to convert to Protestantism after a personal meeting with Martin Luther.

Pope Leo X bestowed the title “Defender of the Faith” on ______________ for a treatise this man wrote refuting Martin Luther.

The Anglican Protestant cause finally took firm hold in England during the reign of which of the following English monarchs?

• Mary Tudor
• Elizabeth I
• Henry VIII
• Edward VI

In 1517, Martin Luther wrote ninety-five theses or questions for debate that attacked

• the sale of indulgences and the purchase of church offices.
• the despotic behavior of Calvin and Zwingli.
• Pope Leo X, whom Luther described as the Antichrist.
• the doctrine of the Trinity and infant baptism.

In 1529, Parliament passed legislation that made Henry VIII head of the Anglican church. This legislation was called the

• Henrician Recognition Act
• Act of Supremacy.
• Anglican Church Act.
• Recognition and Invalidation Act.