Social and Cultural Diversity

Which therapist was NOT instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement

• Freud

• Durkheim

• McDougall

• Berne

_____ and ____ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

• Maslow: Rogers

• Ellis: Harper

• Freud: Lorenz

• Glasser: Rogers

Answer explanation

Freud believed man was driven by the instincts of sex and aggression.

Lorenz based his theory on the fact that a certain group of tropical fish will attack an alternate target even when the actual target of aggression is removed.

These theorists believe that aggression is learned. Thus a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

• Instinct Theorists

• Innate Aggression Theorists

• Social Learning Theorists

• Followers of Erik Erikson

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He...

• Is the father of multicultural counseling

• wrote the 1978 classic "Seasons of a Man's Life" and the 1997 sequel "Seasons of a Woman's LIfe"

• Postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately 5 years later

• B and C

Three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are

• assertiveness, anxiety, ego strangth

• close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

• culture, race, assertiveness

• ego strength, anxiety, race

The term contextualism implies that

• multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession

• behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

• the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate

• projective test are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development because...

• She felt it was too psychoanalytic

• She felt it was too behavioristic

• She felt it was not applicable to African Americans

• She felt it was more applicable to males than females

Answer explanation

She believed that Kohlberg's theory did not adhere to the idea that women place more emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility than do men, who focus more on individual rights and justice.

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

• recommendations

• the diagnosis

• the prognosis

• the notion of transferrence

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

• Albert Ellis

• Robert Havinghurst who created the idea of the developmental task concept

• Eric Berne the creator of transactional analysis

• John Dollard and Neal Miller

Answer explanation

Frustration occurs when an individual is blocked so that she cannot reach an intended goal (or the goal is removed).

Dollard/Miller believe that frustration leads to aggression.

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is _____ cognitive dissonance theory

• Dollard and Miller's

• Crites and Roe's

• Festinger's

• Holland and Super's

Answer explanation

Balance theory suggests that people strive for balance/consistency in terms of their belief systems.

Festinger suggested individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, putting an end to dissonance