4/21/23 Review Warm-up

In domesticated dogs, hair type is controlled by two different alleles. The allele for wire hair is (H) and the allele for smooth hair is (h).

When two heterozygous dogs are crossed, what percentage of the offspring is expected to be homozygous for smooth hair?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

Which statements best compare a function of proteins and lipids in a human cell?

• Proteins provide energy for cellular processes. Lipids catalyze chemical reactions inside the cell.

• Proteins catalyze chemical reactions inside the cell. Lipids allow for the transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell.

• Proteins allow for the transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell. Lipids store genetic information for cells.

• Proteins store genetic information for cells. Lipids provide energy for cellular processes.

Which statements explain how a mutation in a somatic cell is different from a mutation that occurs in gametes?

• Somatic cell mutations occur in cells that give rise to gametes. Gamete mutations occur in cells that result in apoptosis.

• Somatic cell mutations are maintained in the gene pool. Gamete mutations are expelled from the gene pool.

• Somatic cell mutations are generally not passed to offspring. Gamete mutations are usually passed to offspring.

• Somatic cell mutations will not be expressed by the individual that contains the mutation. Gamete mutations will be expressed by the individual.

E. coli has three genes that each code for different enzymes that break down lactose. Scientists conducted investigations about the production of these enzymes using samples of E. coli. Their results are shown in the table.

Which conclusion about the production of the enzymes can be determined by analyzing the scientists’ results?

• Gene expression for the enzymes was controlled by the temperature of lactose.

• The genes for the enzymes were expressed in equal amounts during both experiments.

• Gene expression for the enzymes was controlled by the presence of lactose.

• The genes for the enzymes were mutated before being expressed by the presence of lactose.

Farmers spray pesticides on their plants to protect the plants from being eaten by insects. Some individual insects have a genetic mutation that makes them resistant to the toxins in the pesticides. Which statement best describes how only a few resistant individuals resulted in the pesticide becoming ineffective?

• The resistant insects change the toxin on the plants, making it safe for others.

• The resistant insects grow larger and eat less of the plants.

• The resistant insects eat the contaminated surface and leave the rest for others.

• The resistant insects are able to survive to reproduce and create a population that is also resistant.

The defenses of two flightless birds that live in different habitats are shown.

How do the wings of the Gentoo penguin and the legs of the common ostrich provide an advantage in their habitat?

• Allows them to find prey

• Allows them to escape from predators

• Allows them to control their body temperature

• Allows them to be camouflaged in their environments

Which property is shared by the cells of all living things?

• The cells contain DNA composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

• The cells are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer and a cell wall made of cellulose.

• The cells have chromosomes that are located inside a membrane-bound nucleus.

• The cells rely on mitochondria to carry out aerobic cellular respiration.

Which statements best compare the function of an ATP molecule to a DNA molecule?

• ATP carries and transmits the genetic information of organisms. DNA serves as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions.

• ATP provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell. DNA carries and transmits the genetic information of organisms.

• ATP serves as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions. DNA acts as a structural sugar in the cell walls of plants.

• ATP acts as a structural sugar in the cell walls of plants. DNA provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell.

The Mexican long-nosed bat roosts in Big Bend National Park in West Texas. The bat feeds on nectar and pollen and hovers while it feeds. Additionally, its tongue can extend up to eight centimeters. The features of Mexican long-nosed bats are evidence of natural selection because the features are adaptations that —

• lead to an increase in predation by other species of animals

• show that most DNA mutations are necessary and advantageous but do not increase survival or reproductive success

• help individuals outcompete other individuals for food resources to increase survival and reproductive success

• are the result of intentional breeding

Which statement describes the process of osmosis in an animal cell?

• Sugar molecules move across the plasma membrane until the cell has enough energy to grow in size and divide

• Water molecules move across the plasma membrane until solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane.

• Ions move across the plasma membrane until the inside of the cell has a higher concentration of positive charges.

• Enzymes move across the plasma membrane until the cell has completed metabolism.