What change happened in Europe as a result of Gutenberg’s innovation?

• Far more books became readily available.

• Processing metal became far more efficient.

• Scholarship became concentrated in monasteries.

• Latin became the common language of the people.

The Renaissance artist most famous for his painting the “Mona Lisa” was

• Michelangelo.

• Bruegel.

• Leonardo da Vinci.

• Raphael.

Indulgences were considered a sign of church corruption because they were

• privileges given to priests.

• pardons that people could buy.

• violations of the vow of poverty.

• arguments against church teachings.

Which reformer said that any Christian could read the Bible and understand God’s message?

• Martin Luther

• John Calvin

• King Henry VIII

• Desiderius Erasmus

The Council of Trent was part of the

• Reformation.

• Scientific Revolution.

• Renaissance.

• Counter-Reformation.

When sea voyages began to require sailing out of sight of land, this encouraged a growing interest in

• chemistry of salt water.

• biology for deep-sea fishing.

• astronomy for navigation.

• physics of ocean currents.

Galileo Galilei added support for the heliocentric theory by

• making mathematical calculations.

• retracing his views under pressure.

• observing the sky through a telescope.

• formulating laws of gravity and moon.

What were the salons of French Enlightenment thinkers?

• secular university classes

• lectures open to the public

• gatherings in private homes

• stores where books were sold

The Enlightenment overall promoted an attItude of

• Piety.

• Anger.

• Cynicism.

• Optimism.

What is one reason some Italian city-states like Venice, Milan, and Florence grew into major commercial centers in the 13th and 14th centuries

• Geographic location

• Artistic achievements

• Mineral resources

• Use of vernacular language