Enlightenment in European History WHA Review

What is the Enlightenment?

• A shift in how people perceived the everyday world

• A belief in the power of reason and rational investigation

• A time of warfare and conflict

• A period of political change in Europe

What were some of the changes occurring during the Enlightenment?

• All of the above

• Reevaluation of the relationship between people and government

• Changes in trade and manufacturing

• Shifts in social classes

Who was Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu?

• A famous poet who wrote about the Lisbon earthquake

• A jurist and writer who criticized outmoded ways of life

• A Scottish thinker who advocated for free trade

• A philosopher who promoted reason above religion

What did Voltaire criticize in his writings?

• The corruption of rulers and aristocrats

• The mustiness of old ideas

• All of the above

• The persecution of people for their religious beliefs

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau promote in his novel Emile?

• All of the above

• Middle-class values like hard work and practicality

• The importance of education reform

• The idea of natural individuality

What were Enlightenment salons?

• Philosophical debates held in coffeehouses

• Influencers on social media promoting Enlightenment ideals

• Fashion trends inspired by Rousseau and Voltaire

• Regular get-togethers in the homes of wealthy women to discuss ideas

Who wrote the Encyclopedia and what topics did it cover?

• Emmanuel Kant; the nature of the human mind

• Adam Smith; the benefits of free trade

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau; the importance of individual reason

• Denis Diderot; natural rights and the status of women

What did Adam Smith advocate for in his book The Wealth of Nations?

• The benefits of a subsistence agricultural economy

• The need for social and political reform

• The influence of God in everyday life

• The importance of manufacturing and free trade

What did Emmanuel Kant emphasize in his philosophy?

• The importance of individual reason and thinking for oneself

• The need for unconditional obedience to the state

• The influence of God in human affairs

• The benefits of a hierarchical social order

What did Moses Mendelssohn believe about the future of Jews in Europe?

• That the age-old persecution of Jews would soon end

• That Jews should assimilate into European society

• That Jews should embrace Enlightenment ideals

• That Jews should continue to adhere to their traditional ways