Biology Mastery Connect Review 23-24 (Study Guide)

Angie places red blood cells in a beaker of pure water, and then she observes their activity under a microscope. Which is most likely the result that she will observe?

• Water diffuses into the red blood cells by osmosis, and the cell will burst.

• Water diffuses out of the red blood cells by osmosis, and the cells shrink.

• Water diffuses both in and out of the red blood cells, and the cells remain the same size.

The cell membrane is highly selective because it bars (prevents) the passage of most but not all substances. What structure of the cell membrane acts like gates that allows certain substances to pass through?

• permanent gaps in the lipid bilayer

• proteins that temporarily dissolve regions of the lipid bilayer

• channels in transmembrane proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer

A student placed a freshwater leaf on a slide with a drop of water. He recorded his observations. Next, he added a 10% salt solution to the slide and recorded his observations. What caused the changes observed by the student?

• The salt solution is hypotonic so water diffused into the cell.

• The salt solution is hypertonic so water diffused out of the cell.

• The salt solution is hypertonic so water diffused into the cell.

This diagram illustrates the overall chemical change that occurs in a chemical process. Which process does the diagram illustrate and what is its effect on Earth systems? (atmosphere = layer of gases surrounding Earth; geosphere = solid portion of earth; biosphere = region of Earth that occupies living things)

• The process is cellular respiration. It transfers oxygen from the atmosphere to the geosphere.

• The process is fermentation. It transfers carbon from biosphere to atmosphere.

• The process is photosynthesis. It transfers carbon from atmosphere to biosphere.

A student grows two sets of plants in the same environmental conditions, only varying the amount of sunlight. The student harvests leaves from both sets daily for two weeks and records the total sugar content in the graph. Which growing conditions and explanation match the data in the graph?

• Plant Set 1 was grown with less sunlight and was not actively growing.

• Plant Set 2 was grown with more sunlight and produced more carbon dioxide.

• Plant Set 2 was grown with less sunlight and required less water.

Ocean ecosystems act as a carbon sink (reservoir) removing atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is dissolved in the seawater. Which biological process would then utilize this dissolved carbon dioxide?

• photosynthesis by phytoplankton

• photosynthesis by oceanic fish

• aerobic respiration by marine protozoa

How does a cell get energy for cellular functions using cellular respiration?

• The cell combines oxygen molecules to produce energy

• The cell uses food molecules to produce energy

• The cell creates bonds in food molecules to produce energy

Which cell type and anaerobic process are correctly paired with each other?

• fungal cell: glycolysis only

• bacterial cell: glycolysis only

• muscle cell: glycolysis + lactic acid fermentation

Germination is the process by which a seed grows to form a new plant. A student performs an experiment with germinating plant seeds and plant seeds that have been boiled in hot water. The image shows the experimental setup.

The student keeps the setup undisturbed for one week and observes that the temperature increased in the container with germinating seeds, but the container with boiled seeds did not change in temperature. What does the experiment measure?

• number of products produced during aerobic respiration

• amount of oxygen generated during cellular respiration

• amount of heat generated during cellular respiration

The model shows the differentiation of a stem cell into different types of cells. Why do stem cells differentiate?

• to create more cells

• to reduce the number of stem cells

• to create division of labor in cells