Cleavages in Nigeria

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What is the main cause of farmer-herder conflict in West and Central Africa?

• Industrialization

• Climate change

• Population pressure

• Technological advancement

Which geographic areas have seen a concentration of farmer-herder violence in West and Central Africa?

• Nigeria, central Mali, and northern Burkina Faso

• South Africa and Zimbabwe

• Egypt and Libya

• Ghana and Ivory Coast

What has contributed to the escalation of farmer-herder conflict in some areas?

• Improved dispute resolution processes

• Growing social equality

• Declining trust between communities

• Decrease in population pressure

Which groups have exploited intercommunal tensions to foster recruitment in central Mali, northern Burkina Faso, and parts of Nigeria?

• Humanitarian organizations

• Militant Islamist groups

• Environmental activists

• Youth empowerment groups

What is the most common trigger of farmer-herder conflict?

• Water scarcity

• Deforestation

• Crop damage caused by passing livestock

• Industrial pollution

What has led to young people losing faith in their community elders in some contexts?

• Involvement in land deals and inability to protect resource interests

• Lack of access to healthcare

• Lack of access to education

• Involvement in political activism

What has led to a rapid expansion in the number of community-based armed groups in many Nigerian states and parts of Central Africa?

• Increased frequency and magnitude of livestock theft

• Rise in agricultural productivity

• Improved dispute resolution processes

• Increased government funding

What has been the response of several state governments in Nigeria to the growing violence between pastoralist and farming communities?

• No response from the government

• Promotion of open grazing

• Enactment of laws to outlaw nomadism

• Encouragement of nomadic lifestyle