Simulation 2

What type of bias may be introduced when individuals who are more health-conscious are more likely to participate in a study?

• Information bias

• Selection bias

• Publication bias

  In epidemiological research, what term describes the extent to which the observed association between an exposure and an outcome accurately reflects the true underlying causal relationship, without being influenced by bias or random error?

• External validity

• Internal validity

• Temporal validity

  In hypothesis testing within epidemiological research, what is the term for the default assumption that there is no significant difference or association between the variables being studied?

• Alternative hypothesis

• Research hypothesis

• Null hypothesis

What type of study design is commonly used in public health surveillance to continuously monitor and analyze health-related data within a population over time?

• Cross-sectional study

• Case-control study

• Cohort study

 In epidemiology, what do we call a variable that is not in the causal pathway between the exposure and the outcome but may distort the observed association?

• Mediator

• Moderator

• Confounder

Among the following study designs, which one is considered experimental, involving the intentional manipulation of an exposure to assess its impact on the outcome?

• Case-control study

• Randomized Controlled Trial

• Cohort study

What is the primary purpose of randomization in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design?

• To ensure that participants are similar across study groups at baseline

• To increase the statistical power of the study

• To facilitate blinding and reduce information bias

Why can studying rare exposures in a case-control design lead to challenges in drawing reliable conclusions?

• Due to their high prevalence in the population.

• Because they are easily recalled by participants.

• Because they may result in sparse data and unstable estimates.

In the context of epidemiology and study design, what does the concept of "exchangeability" refer to?

• The ability to switch study participants between treatment and control groups.

• The assumption that individuals in different exposure groups are interchangeable.

• The process of exchanging data between research centers for collaborative analysis.

  What does an odds ratio (OR) less than 1 typically indicate in a case-control study?

• The exposure is associated with a lower odds of the outcome.

• The exposure is not associated with the outcome.

• The study is biased and results are unreliable.