Gas Exchange, Shark Eyes, and Otoliths

Match the following eye structures with their function.

• Contains rods and cones

• Nictitating Membrane

• Reflects light through retina 2nd time

• Lens

• Constricts and dilates the pupil

• Iris

• Closes like an eyelid to protect eye

• Tapetum Lucidum

• Stretches and condenses to focus light

• Retina

Organize these visual features into the right categories

Groups:

(a) Shark Eye

,

(b) Both

,

(c) Human Eye

• Visual accommodation takes seconds

• Iris dilates pupil to allow more light when dim and constricts to limit light when bright

• Visual accommodation can last 30 min - few hours

• Nictitating membrane acts as a bottom eyelid

• Tapetum lucidum enables night vision by bouncing light through retina an extra time

• Vitreous humor in posterior chamber

• Spherical lens (very round)

• Aqueous humor in anterior chamber

• Optical nerve carries visual information to the brain for interpretation

• Two eyelids protect the eye and use eyelashes to block debris

• Retina contains rods for black and white vision and cones for color vision

• Lens with flattened surface

• Lens accommodates far vision by stretching and close vision by condensing

Label the structures involved in gas exchange.

c

d

e

f

g

Gill Filaments

Lamellae

Caudal Gills

Operculum

Spiracle

Dorsal Gills

Gill Arch

Gill Rakers

Put the steps of gas exchange in an osteichthyan in order from earliest to latest.

• The low pressure created by the large cheek/mouth cavity draws water in

• The resulting high pressure forces water to pass over the gill filaments on its way out the operculum

• The fish opens its mouth and expands its buccal cavity

• The fish closes its mouth and constricts its buccal cavity

• Countercurrent gas exchange occurs as water moves over the gills the opposite direction of blood flow

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

Both Branchial Pumping and Ram Ventilation are strategies to ​ (a)   the speed of water as it passes over the gills in order to ​ (b)   the slowing force of friction. Branchial pumping involves muscular compressions of the pharynx that create ​ (c)   pressure and force water over the gills faster. Ram ventilation involves the fish swimming continuously forward to keep water moving into the mouth and out through the gill slits or operculum. ​ (d)   ram ventilators can never stop swimming because they would ​ (e)   to access oxygen if they did. However, some fish can switch between strategies.

• counteract
• amplify
• high
• low
• Obligate
• Partial
• cease
• begin
• increase
• decrease

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS2-3

Draw arrows showing the direction the purple particles would passively move.

What is the name of the stone-like bones responsible for balance, orientation, and hearing?

• Otoliths

• Tapetum lucidums

• Cephalic regions

• Lithogenous sediments

• Scleras

Match the following terms with their descriptions.

• Inner ear bone that grows rings

• Otolith

• Class of fish that contains otoliths

• Calcium Carbonate

• Material deposited in otoliths

• Opaque Line

• Corresponds to seasons of abundant food

• Osteichthyes

• Corresponds to seasons of scarcity

• Translucent Line

Which of these contains calcium carbonate?

I. Otoliths

II. Coral skeletons

III. Limestone rock

• I only

• II only

• I and III

• I and II

• I, II, and III

Which of these contains calcium carbonate?

I. Endoskeleton of echinoderms

II. Otoliths

III. Exoskeleton of arthropods

• I only

• II only

• I and III

• I and II

• I, II, and III