Memory

A 65-year-old male presented to the neurology clinic with complaints of progressive cognitive decline, visual hallucinations, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. His family reported observing vivid dreams and acting out during sleep, consistent with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder. Neurological examination revealed parkinsonian features such as bradykinesia and rigidity. What neurotransmitter deficits are seen in this patient's condition?

• Serotonin and GABA
• Glutamate and norepinephrine
• Dopamine and serotonin
• Acetylcholine and glutamate
• Acetylcholine and dopamine

Which of the following is not an example of declarative memory?

• Remembering what you had for dinner.

• Remembering how to ride a bike.

• Remembering that a wrench is a tool.

• Remembering your friend’s phone number.

• Remembering the scene of an accident.

Subjects studied a set of pictures of different items, such as food, furniture, and animals. Later, they were presented with the same pictures along with new pictures and asked to identify the images they already had seen. The control group had normal access to food (Group A) between studying and testing; the experimental subjects were asked to fast for 12 hours (Group B) between studying and testing. Which graph depicts the data you would expect to collect from this experiment?

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A mouse is subjected to training while in a chamber with an electric grid on the floor that can deliver shocks to the mouse’s feet. Whenever a blue light appears in the chamber, the mouse is given a shock, which elicits a freezing response in the mouse. How would you expect the mouse to behave after the training session?

• The animal will stop freezing in response to the shocks.

• The animal will display freezing behavior constantly regardless of stimulus.

• The animal will freeze in response to the blue light alone.

• The animal will continue to freeze in response to the shock, but not to the blue light alone.

• The animal will freeze in response to the blue light, and any new stimulus (yellow light, soft train whistle) presented, alone.

After conditioned learning, if the conditioned stimulus is presented alone a number of times, without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response eventually disappears. What is this called?

• Reconditioning

• Priming

• Working

• Consolidation

• Extinction

London taxi drivers must take a test of the city’s 25,000 streets prior to becoming licensed. When the brains of these drivers are compared with control individuals, what difference is found?

• Drivers have a smaller anterior hippocampus than controls.

• Drivers have a larger posterior hippocampus than controls.

• Drivers have larger basal ganglia than controls.

• Drivers have a smaller amygdala than controls.

• Drivers have a smaller prefrontal cortex than controls.

Which structure do researchers believe provides a cognitive map of long-term memories?

• Hippocampus

• Prefrontal cortex

• Fornix

• Amygdala

• Basal ganglia

Where are long-term declarative memories stored?

• Cerebral cortex

• Hippocampus

• Amygdala

• Basal ganglia

• Cerebellum

When Barry views an image of a face, his fusiform gyrus shows activation. When he later recalls the same face in his imagination, where in his brain would you expect to see activation?

• Fusiform gyrus

• Amygdala

• Basal ganglia

• Prefrontal cortex

• Occipital lobe

A 70-year-old female presented to the neurology clinic with complaints of progressive memory loss, disorientation, and difficulty performing daily tasks. Her family reported noticing changes in her personality, including increased apathy and social withdrawal. Neurological examination revealed impairments in cognitive function, including deficits in memory recall and language comprehension. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated cortical atrophy. If one were to do a biopsy of this patient's brain (which is highly not recommended), what would be seen at the cellular level?

• Presence of tau protein mutations
• Increased levels of acetylcholine
• Presence of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
• Absence of neurofibrillary tangles
• Reduced beta-amyloid plaques