What does economic profit consist of?

• Total revenue minus explicit costs only

• Total revenue minus implicit costs only

• Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs

• Total revenue minus variable costs

Which market structure is characterized by a single seller and no close substitutes for the product?

• Perfect competition

• Monopoly

• Monopolistic competition

• Oligopoly

Answer explanation

A monopoly is characterized by a single seller with no close substitutes for the product, giving the seller significant market power.

What is allocative efficiency?

• When the production is in accordance with consumer preferences

• When a firm produces at the lowest point of its average total cost curve

• When a firm takes advantage of economies of scale

• When a market fails to allocate resources efficiently

Answer explanation

Allocative efficiency occurs when production aligns with consumer preferences, ensuring resources are allocated optimally.

Which of the following is NOT a type of economies of scale?

• Marketing

• Workforce specialization

• Technical

• Marginal cost reduction

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of oligopolistic markets?

• Many sellers and many buyers

• Only one seller and many buyers

• A few sellers and many buyers, with barriers to entry

• Many sellers and a few buyers

What does 'marginal cost' refer to in economics?

• The cost of producing one more unit of a good

• The total cost divided by the number of goods produced

• The cost of producing one less unit of a good

• The fixed costs of production

Which of the following best defines 'product differentiation'?

• Producing at the lowest possible cost

• Offering products that are distinct from those of competitors

• Increasing the number of products available in the market

• Reducing the price of products to below that of competitors

How can a company achieve productive efficiency?

• By producing goods at the highest cost

• By producing the maximum output from the minimum amount of inputs

• By increasing the price of their products

• By reducing the quality of their products

Answer explanation

Productive efficiency is achieved by producing the maximum output from the minimum amount of inputs, optimizing resources and reducing waste.

What role does technology play in achieving productive efficiency?

• It has no significant impact

• It can lead to a decrease in employee productivity

• It can enable more efficient production processes and lower costs

• It increases the cost of production

Answer explanation

Technology enables more efficient production processes and lower costs, leading to achieving productive efficiency.

Which of the following indicators could suggest that a company is not achieving productive efficiency?

• Low levels of inventory

• High employee morale

• Excessive waste of resources

• Increasing sales

Answer explanation

Excessive waste of resources indicates inefficiency in resource utilization, which is a key aspect of productive efficiency.