Social Identity Theory

According to Social Identity Theory, what does a person have besides a "personal self"?

• Multiple social selves corresponding to different group memberships.

• Only one social self that changes over time.

• A single social self that is influenced by personal achievements.

• Two social selves, one for personal identity and one for social identity.

What is the fundamental foundation of stereotyping, social identity formation, and intergroup relations according to the text?

• Social category salience.

• Personal identity salience.

• Group membership acknowledgment.

• Individual personality traits.

Why might social categories become salient according to the text?

• Only when a member of the in-group dies.

• When we are labeled by others, among other reasons.

• Solely due to visual perception.

• Only when we feel threatened.

According to the study by Tajfel et al. (1971), what behavior did boys exhibit when assigned to groups and asked to rate paintings?

• They showed no preference for any group

• They preferred paintings by artists from their own national background

• They favored members of their own assigned group

• They equally distributed points regardless of group assignment

What surprising result was observed in the Tajfel et al. (1971) study regarding point allocation?

• Boys left the study with more points than they started

• Boys maximized profit for both in-group and out-group equally

• Boys ended up with fewer points than if they had maximized profit

• Boys showed no discernible pattern in their choices

What minimal condition did Tajfel conclude was necessary for individuals to exhibit discrimination against an out-group?

• Strong personal identities

• Competitive settings

• A minimal group identification

• Clear economic incentives

What concept is maintained by social comparison, according to findings related to in-group versus out-group dynamics?

• Cognitive dissonance

• Positive distinctiveness

• Social identity complexity

• Behavioral normalization

What does it mean when we say that a social identity has become "salient"?

• That it is resistant to change.

• That it can change over time.

• That we are more aware of that particular social identity.

• That we are unaware of the influence of that particular social identity.

What were the findings of Tajfel & Turner's "Kandinsky vs Klee" study?

• The boys' level of self-esteem increased as a result of being in their in-group.

• The simple act of categorizing oneself as a member of a group led the boys to display in-group favoritism.

• The boys began to dislike members of the out-group.

• The boys began to show more competition when they believed that they were competing with an out-group, rather than against members of their in-group.

What is the primary focus of social identity theory as discussed in the text?

• The psychological analysis of individual identities

• The cognitive processes of social categorization

• The study of in-group favoritism in controlled experiments

• The development of personal self-concept