Lesson: Tumor Genetics

What is the primary focus of the video tutorial?

• Genetic disorders

• Basic cell biology

• Human anatomy

• Mechanisms of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

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What are proto-oncogenes responsible for in healthy cells?

• Inducing apoptosis

• Inhibiting cell growth

• Stimulating cell division and growth

• Repairing DNA

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What is the normal role of proto-oncogenes?

• To inhibit cell division

• To stimulate cell division and growth

• To repair DNA

• To induce apoptosis

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What type of mutation transforms a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?

• Nonsense mutation

• Silent mutation

• Gain of function mutation

• Loss of function mutation

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What happens if a molecular switch gene stays on continuously?

• Cell division accelerates uncontrollably

• Cell division stops

• DNA repair is enhanced

• Apoptosis is initiated

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What is the result of a gain of function mutation in proto-oncogenes?

• Decreased cell proliferation

• Increased cell proliferation

• Induced apoptosis

• Enhanced DNA repair

What is the normal function of tumor suppressor genes?

• To mutate into oncogenes

• To slow down cell division and repair DNA

• To promote cancer

• To accelerate cell division

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What analogy is used to describe the function of tumor suppressor genes?

• Gas pedal on a car

• Steering wheel on a car

• Engine of a car

• Brake pedal on a car

What does the two-hit hypothesis state?

• Only one allele is needed for normal function

• No mutations are needed to cause cancer

• Both alleles must be mutated to lose tumor suppressor function

• One allele mutation is sufficient to cause cancer

What happens when tumor suppressor genes lose their function?

• Cell division slows down

• DNA repair and apoptosis are impaired

• Cell growth is inhibited

• Oncogenes are activated

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