Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen—1789 Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789 Articles: 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible [inalienable] rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. . . . 4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law. . . . Identify the best use of this document for a historian.

(4) To understand the hopes of representatives in the National Assembly of France

(1) To determine the actions taken by Louis XVI during his rule of France.

(2) To study how Louis XVI granted natural rights to French citizens

(3) To evaluate how free and equal the people of France were after the French Revolution

This is an excerpt from a speech given on September 25, 1793 by Maximilien Robespierre to the National Convention justifying measures taken by the Committee of Public Safety. … Individuals are not at issue here; we are concerned with the homeland and principles. I tell you plainly: it is impossible, in this state of affairs, for the Committee to save the state; and if anyone disagrees, I will remind you just how treacherous and extensive is the scheme for bringing us down and dissolving us; how the foreigners and internal enemies have agents paid to execute it; I will remind you that faction is not dead; that it is conspiring from the depths of its dungeons; that the serpents of the Marais [a section of Paris] have not yet all been crushed.… I know we cannot flatter ourselves that we have attained perfection; but holding up a Republic surrounded by enemies, fortifying reason in favour of liberty, destroying prejudice and nullifying individual efforts against the public interest, demand moral and physical strengths that nature has perhaps denied to those who denounce us and those we are fighting.… From Robespierre’s perspective, what was one threat the government of France faced in 1793?

(2) Division within France and invaders from other countries

(1) Debt from wars with other countries

(3) Control by the corrupt King of France

(4) The reason and liberty of the people of France

Which of the following claims is supported by evidence from the chart?

(3) The French revolutionaries struggled to realize the ideals that helped start the revolution.

(1) France remained a Constitutional Monarchy throughout the French Revolution.

(2) Robespierre ruled France during most of the revolution.

(4) Napoleon influenced events throughout the course of the French Revolution.

Identify a central cause of the events that took place in the chart.

(2) An unequal distribution of wealth and power in French society

(1) The establishment of direct democracy in France

(3) The conversion of the French king from Catholic to Protestant Christianity

The Law of Suspects This law, passed on 17 September 1793 [by Robespierre and the National Convention], authorized the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those suspected of treason against the Republic and to punish those convicted with death. This legislation in effect made the penal justice system into the enforcement arm of the revolutionary government, which would now set as its primary responsibility not only the maintenance of public order but also the much more difficult and controversial task of identifying internal enemies of the Republic—such as “profiteers” who violated the Maximum [decree to fix prices]—and then removing them from the citizenry, where they might subvert [sabotage] the general will.… During which event was the Law of Suspects created?

(1) Establishment of the Estates System

The Law of Suspects This law, passed on 17 September 1793 [by Robespierre and the National Convention], authorized the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those suspected of treason against the Republic and to punish those convicted with death. This legislation in effect made the penal justice system into the enforcement arm of the revolutionary government, which would now set as its primary responsibility not only the maintenance of public order but also the much more difficult and controversial task of identifying internal enemies of the Republic—such as “profiteers” who violated the Maximum [decree to fix prices]—and then removing them from the citizenry, where they might subvert [sabotage] the general will.… According to this document, in what way did the Law of Suspects address the threats against the government?

(1) It gave the government the power to prosecute and execute those it saw as opponents to its rule.

(2) It provided the king with all powers in the government.

(3) It created a system for choosing a jury during a trial.

(4) It provided the military with extra funding to fight wars against invading armies.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen—1789 Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789 Articles: 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible [inalienable] rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. . . . 4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law. . . . With which turning point is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen most associated?

(3) Chinese Communist Revolution

Based on this map, identify a political impact of Napoleon’s conquests in Europe.

(1) The French empire directly or indirectly controlled most of western Europe

(2) The French empire lost colonies

(4) Napoleon’s empire grew through peaceful treaties with neighboring powers.

Which event occurred after the circumstances illustrated in this map?

(4) National Assembly meets for the first time

. . . Even in places such as Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Illyria, where the Code [Napoléon] did not outlive the Empire, it made a strong imprint on the civil laws of the region. Abolition of the Code brought such confusion and chaos in certain countries that they returned to it. In the Italian peninsula, for example, the Two Sicilies in 1812 and Parma, Modena, and Sardinia later adopted codes derived from the Code Napoléon. The code of the Kingdom of Italy, adopted in 1864, likewise had its source in the Napoleonic Code. The Belgians, who were incorporated in the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1815 to 1830, fought so strongly for the Napoleonic Code that, even after they had broken away, Holland in 1838 adopted a code based on Napoleon’s. The Code Napoléon so impressed governments, even those which did not adopt it, that the 19th century became the great century of legal codification. In addition to the countries mentioned above, Austria, Portugal, Spain, Germany, and Turkey all adopted civil codes. But that of Napoleon easily predominates in the civil-law, as opposed to common-law, world. . . . The Code contributed greatly to Napoleon’s achievement of helping France turn away from the past. It cemented the ideas of freedom of person and of contract (including the right to enter any occupation), equality of all Frenchmen, and freedom of civil society from ecclesiastical [religious] control. As the first truly modern code of laws, the Code Napoléon for the first time in modern history gave a nation a unified system of law applicable to all citizens without distinction. By providing uniformity of laws it further promoted the national unity fostered by the Revolution. Its entire outlook gave a further impulse to the rise of the bourgeoisie. A threatened disintegration of the family under the Convention and Directory was sharply halted, and the family once again became the most important social institution. . . . According to this passage, why was the Napoleonic code a major turning point in history?

(1) Many countries began to adopt civil codes

(2) Many nation states transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a democracy

(3) Many nations began to guarantee freedom of speech

(4) European nation states became modernized

. . . The plans and ambitions of Napoleon Bonaparte, however, did inspire the Latin Americans, although hardly in a way Napoleon expected. The French dictator invaded Spain in 1808, forced the king to abdicate [give up the throne], and presented the Spanish crown to his brother Joseph. At a stroke, Spanish America became part of the Bonaparte family empire. (A few months earlier, Napoleon had invaded Portugal, and the Portuguese royal family had fled to its colony of Brazil.) Spanish Americans reacted sharply against this French usurper. They refused to accept Joseph Bonaparte as their king, affirmed [declared] their loyalty to the Spanish House of Bourbon, and seized control of their local governments. But almost from the beginning, the rebellion against Napoleon turned into a revolution for complete independence. There could be no turning back to the old system. . . . According to this passage, what effect did Napoleon’s invasion of Spain have on Latin America?

(1) Latin American nations began to fight for independence

(2) Latin American nations united under Spanish rule

(3) Latin American nations became absolute monarchies

(4) Latin American nations legalized slavery

What was the main argument of Abbé Sieyès in his pamphlet What is the Third Estate? (1789)? Excerpt from Sieyès’ What is the Third Estate?: "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? To become something."

B) The Third Estate is the backbone of the nation and deserves political representation

A) The Third Estate should retain its traditional role in society

C) The clergy and nobility should rule without the Third Estate

D) The monarchy should be abolished, and the Third Estate should take over

What did the Tennis Court Oath (1789) symbolize in the early stages of the French Revolution? Excerpt from the Tennis Court Oath: "We swear never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established."

C) The resolve of the National Assembly to create a constitution

A) The allegiance of the Third Estate to the king

B) The formation of a new government by the nobility

D) A commitment to restore feudal privileges

Which rights did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) guarantee? Excerpt from the Declaration: "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights."

C) Equal rights for all men, regardless of class or status

A) Equal rights only for the clergy and nobility

B) Equal rights for all citizens, including women

D) Equal rights for the monarch and the aristocracy

How did King Louis XVI react to the formation of the National Assembly? Excerpt from Louis XVI’s diary (June 20, 1789): "Nothing."

C) He ignored it initially, underestimating its significance

A) He immediately dissolved the Assembly

B) He tried to escape to Austria to rally support

D) He arrested the leaders of the Assembly

What was Maximilien Robespierre’s justification for the Reign of Terror? Excerpt from Robespierre’s speech (1794): "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue."

B) To defend the revolution and establish a republic of virtue

A) To punish those who opposed the monarchy

C) To secure peace with foreign monarchies

D) To support the return of the Catholic Church

What impact did Jean-Paul Marat’s L'Ami du Peuple have during the French Revolution? Excerpt from L'Ami du Peuple: "Let the blood of traitors flow. That is the only way to save the country."

B) It incited violence and radical action against enemies of the Revolution

A) It called for moderation and peaceful resolutions

C) It promoted reconciliation with the monarchy

D) It supported the nobility’s attempt to negotiate with revolutionaries

What was the result of the Women’s March on Versailles in October 1789? Excerpt from an eyewitness account: "The King and his family were brought back to Paris, where they could be more closely watched by the people."

B) The king and his family were forced to move to Paris under house arrest

A) The king agreed to abdicate the throne

D) The march led to the immediate collapse of the monarchy

How did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) change the relationship between the Catholic Church and the French government? Excerpt from the Civil Constitution of the Clergy: "Priests and bishops shall be elected by the people, and their salaries will be paid by the state."

B) It reduced the Church’s power and placed it under state control

A) It made the Catholic Church more independent from the state

C) It reinforced the power of the pope over French clergy

D) It increased the clergy’s influence over national politics

What was the significance of the execution of Louis XVI in 1793? Excerpt from a speech by Saint-Just: "The king must die so that the country may live."

B) It marked the official end of the French monarchy and the beginning of the Republic

A) It restored peace between France and other European monarchies

C) It ended the Reign of Terror

D) It led to the reinstatement of the monarchy under Louis XVII

In the Napoleonic Code (1804), what principles were most emphasized? Excerpt from the Napoleonic Code: "All citizens are equal before the law. No privileges of birth, no hereditary offices or feudal rights shall be recognized."

A) Equality before the law and protection of property rights

B) Restoration of feudal privileges and noble rights

C) Unlimited freedom of the press and speech

D) Absolute power for the monarchy and church

Revolutions Primary Sources

Authored by Michael Lewis

History

12th Grade

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

... We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. What is the Third Estate? Everything. 2. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. What does it want to be? Something. … — Abbé Sieyès, 1789 (adapted) Based on this passage, what did the Third Estate want?

(1) independence from France

(2) more influence in the political system

(3) removal of the monarchy

(4) freedom of religion in France

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

This drawing illustrates conditions that contributed primarily to the beginning of the

(1) Protestant Reformation

(2) French Revolution

(3) Napoleonic Wars

(4) European Renaissance

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What the point of view of the author of this drawing?

(1) One group paid heavy taxes that supported the other two groups.

(2) Hard work, prayer, and a good example allowed for a stable government in France.

(3) Peasants and professionals in this society were gaining political and economic power.

(4) French society emphasized the importance of natural law and social equality.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Based on the information in these graphs, identify one cause of the French Revolution.

(1) Over-taxation of the third estate

(2) Limited land ownership by the first estate

(3) Population decline amongst the second estate

(4) Population growth amongst the third estate

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Identify one action taken during the French Revolution to address an issue depicted in these charts.

(1) The revolutionaries created the first Communist government.

(2) Napoleon named himself emperor of France.

(3) Exemptions from taxes for the first and second estates were abolished by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

(4) King Louis XVI was executed.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

During which revolution did these executions occur?

(1) French

(2) Russian

(3) Chinese

(4) Cuban

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following historical figures is associated with the historical event depicted in the chart.

(1) Louis XIV

(2) Maximilien Robespierre

(3) Peter the Great

(4) Napoleon Bonaparte

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