psych

Extinction occurs when:

• the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

• the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

• the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

• the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

Emily used to feel calm when she heard rain falling outside. However, after experiencing a stressful power outage during a thunderstorm, she now feels anxious whenever it rains, even without thunder or lightning. In this case, what is the conditioned response?

• Emily's anxiety when it rains

• The sound of the rain

• Emily's sense of calm during rain

• The power outage

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

• occurs as a result of experience

• is innate

• occurs by observing others

• is found only in humans

Two forms of associative learning are ____ and _____. a) operant conditioning; learning conditioning b) classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning c) operant conditioning; observational learning d) classical conditioning; operant conditioning

• operant conditioning; learning conditioning

• classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning

• operant conditioning; observational learning

• classical conditioning; operant conditioning

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n)

• unconditioned response

• unconditioned stimulus

• neutral stimulus

• conditioned stimulus

After being bitten by a dog, Mark developed a fear of dogs. Later, Mark began to feel anxious every time he walked past a particular park where he often saw dogs, even when no dogs were present. What psychological process explains why Mark now feels anxious in the park?

• Spontaneous recovery

• Stimulus discrimination

• Generalization

• Higher-order conditioning

Which of the following best describes observational learning? a) Learning that occurs without any direct experience or observation b) Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus c) Learning through the consequences of one's actions, such as rewards or punishments d) Learning by watching and imitating the actions of others

• Learning that occurs without any direct experience or observation

• Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

• Learning through the consequences of one's actions, such as rewards or punishments

• Learning by watching and imitating the actions of others

Sarah’s cat, Bob, didn’t react to the sound of her phone’s ringtone at first. However, after Sarah repeatedly played the ringtone right before feeding him, Bob began to come into the kitchen every time the ringtone played. The process during which Bob learned to associate the ringtone with being fed is known as:

• Acquisition

• Spontaneous recovery

• Extinction

• Generalization

In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to fear other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

• acquisition

• stimulus discrimination

• stimulus generalization

• higher order conditioning

John trained his dog, Winstonian, to sit whenever he heard a bell by repeatedly pairing the sound of the bell with a treat. After a while, John stopped giving Winstonian treats when the bell rang, and the dog eventually stopped sitting in response to the bell. However, a few weeks later, John rang the bell again, and Winstonian suddenly sat down. What is this phenomenon called?

• Extinction

• Higher-order conditioning

• Spontaneous recovery

• Generalization