a particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific

a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another

a relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other

the extent to which the findings from one group (or sample) can be generalized or applied to other groups (or populations)

a change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

Concrete definitions of the variables that are being studied

all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

sociological research methods that use interpretive description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.

research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

the extent to which a test yields consistent results