Biomarker

What are the primary benefits of biomarker-based staging in Alzheimer’s Disease?

• A. Improves early detection and guides clinical trial participant selection

• B. Replaces imaging techniques in all settings

• C. Eliminates the need for clinical staging

• D. Provides direct measurement of cognitive impairment

How do amyloid PET and tau PET imaging differ in their application for AD staging?

• A. Amyloid PET measures tau distribution, while tau PET detects Aβ plaques

• B. Amyloid PET detects Aβ plaques early, while tau PET correlates with disease severity

• C. Both exclusively measure neurodegeneration

• D. Tau PET is used only in preclinical AD stages

Why might fluid biomarkers provide an advantage over imaging techniques in certain clinical settings?

• A. They require PET imaging to confirm accuracy

• B. Fluid biomarkers have no limitations with respect to reproducibility

• C. Imaging always yields consistent results across centers

• D. They are less invasive and more cost-effective than imaging

What roles do early-stage biomarkers (e.g., p-tau231 and p-tau217) play in AD diagnosis?

• A. They exclusively measure neurodegeneration

• B. They show changes only in late-stage AD

• C. They help in identifying disease before clinical symptoms appear

• D. They are only useful for patients with cognitive symptoms

How does the Centiloid scale contribute to the standardization of amyloid PET measurements?

• A. It standardizes tau PET tracer measurements

• B. It provides a common reference for amyloid PET results across different studies

• C. It identifies cognitive decline stages directly

• D. It eliminates the need for biomarker-based staging

What are some limitations of using biomarker-based staging systems in diverse populations?

• A. Biomarkers detect cognitive resilience accurately in all settings

• B. Biomarkers are universally applicable without standardization

• C. They do not need to account for demographic differences

• D. Variability in biomarker levels and representation across populations

In what ways could the inclusion of tau PET enhance the predictive value of AD staging systems?

• A. By providing a closer correlation with cognitive symptoms than amyloid PET

• B. By eliminating the need for amyloid PET in AD diagnosis

• C. By measuring only Aβ plaque accumulation

• D. By being limited to asymptomatic stages of AD

What implications does the identification of AD subtypes have for clinical trials and treatment approaches?

• A. It reduces the need for patient monitoring

• B. It leads to a single, standard treatment for all patients

• C. It allows for tailored treatment strategies based on pathology distribution

• D. It only affects individuals with mild AD symptoms

Why is it important to use both clinical and biological markers when staging Alzheimer’s Disease?

• A. Clinical markers alone are sufficient

• B. They complement each other to provide a fuller picture of disease progression

• C. Biomarkers replace the need for clinical markers

• D. Only clinical markers indicate the severity of cognitive symptoms

How might biomarker-based staging influence the timing of interventions in disease-modifying clinical trials?

• A. By allowing treatments to be administered before extensive neurodegeneration

• B. By confirming that treatment is needed only in late-stage AD

• C. By eliminating the need for clinical assessments

• D. By focusing solely on cognitive testing