Which philosopher believed that human nature is selfish and would lead to a "nasty, brutish, and short" life without a strong ruler?

• John Locke

• Thomas Hobbes

• Baron Montesquieu

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

According to John Locke, what is the condition of human nature at birth?

• Naturally sinful

• Born with pre-existing knowledge

• Born as a blank slate (tabula rasa)

• Naturally selfish

Which philosopher is known for compiling the Encyclopedia, an effort to collect and share human knowledge?

• Voltaire

• Denis Diderot

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Mary Wollstonecraft

What idea is Baron Montesquieu best known for?

• Social Contract

• Popular sovereignty

• Separation of powers

• Religious tolerance

Which philosopher argued that freedom of expression and religious tolerance are essential for a just society?

• Voltaire

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Cesare Beccaria

• Denis Diderot

Cesare Beccaria is most associated with reforming which aspect of society?

• Education

• Criminal justice

• Monarchy

• Economics

What concept did Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduce that emphasizes government deriving its authority from the people?

• Separation of powers

• Enlightened despotism

• Popular sovereignty

• Invisible hand

Which philosopher wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," advocating for gender equality through education?

• Mary Wollstonecraft

• John Locke

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Voltaire

Thomas Hobbes believed in a "social contract" where people give up certain freedoms in exchange for what?

• Religious freedom

• Social equality

• Security and order

• Popular sovereignty

Which philosopher introduced the idea that self-interest can lead to societal benefit through the concept of the "invisible hand"?

• Adam Smith

• John Locke

• Voltaire

• Denis Diderot