psy3.7

Which of the following is the best example of learning?

• A dog salivates when food is placed in its mouth.

• A honeybee stings when the hive is threatened.

• A child cries when his brother hits him.

• A child flinches when he sees a balloon, because he is afraid of it popping.

In classical conditioning, a person learns to anticipate

events by

• associating a response with its consequence.

• avoiding spontaneous recovery.

• using operant behaviors.

• associating two stimuli.

A family uses the microwave to prepare their cat’s food. The

cat comes running into the room when the microwave

timer sounds but not when it hears the oven timer. The cat

is demonstrating the concept of

• generalization.

• discrimination.

• spontaneous recovery.

• extinction.

Courtney is the supervisor of all the cashiers at a local

grocery store. When cashiers have questions, they flip on a

light to signal Courtney to come assist them. Initially,

Courtney walked quickly immediately upon seeing lights

flash at the grocery store. Now, after seeing hundreds of

lights flash over the course of a week, Courtney finds that

she does not walk as quickly over to the cashiers when she

sees a light. This example best illustrates the concept of

• habituation.

• spontaneous recovery.

• extinction.

• discrimination.

Every day for a week, Juliette, a 2-year-old, hears a loud honk

and sees a red truck pass by her house, which leads her to cry.

The next week, Juliette begins crying when she sees the red

truck, even though it did not honk. The red truck never honks

again, but every so often, Juliette will cry when she sees this red

truck and other red vehicles, although she never cries when

seeing vehicles of other colors.

What is the red truck in this example?

• Conditioned response

• Unconditioned stimulus

• Conditioned stimulus

• Unconditioned response

Every day for a week, Juliette, a 2-year-old, hears a loud honk

and sees a red truck pass by her house, which leads her to cry.

The next week, Juliette begins crying when she sees the red

truck, even though it did not honk. The red truck never honks

again, but every so often, Juliette will cry when she sees this red

truck and other red vehicles, although she never cries when

seeing vehicles of other colors.

Which of the following statements best explains why

Juliette cries every so often even when the truck no longer

honks?

• Juliette has become habituated to the truck.

• Juliette is experiencing spontaneous recovery.

• Extinction of Juliette’s conditioned response has

  occurred.

• Juliette has yet to acquire an association between the

  truck and the honking.

Which of the following is a reason Pavlov’s work remains so

important today?

• He demonstrated that learning can be studied

  objectively.

• He showed that learning is a subjective process.

• He discovered that only mammals can be classically

  conditioned.

• He identified the neural circuits used in classical

  conditioning.

Dr. Bernstein classically conditioned babies to smile every

time they saw a bottle full of milk. He then repeatedly

showed the babies a picture of a tree before they were

presented with a bottle of milk. He noticed that 98 percent

of the time, babies smiled at the tree picture when it was

presented alone, which was a rate that was beyond what

could be expected by chance or error. Which of the

following statements most accurately describes Dr.

Bernstein’s results?

• The bottle of milk caused the babies to smile because Dr.

  Bernstein conducted an experiment.

• There was a statistically significant effect of higher-order

  conditioning in this study.

• Babies smiled at the tree picture, because the tree served

  as an unconditioned stimulus.

• The bottle of milk allowed the babies to spontaneously

  recover a response to the tree image.

Dr. Cao studies the biological predisposition to learn

associations that will increase a species’ survival. What

does Dr. Cao study?

• Taste aversion

• Preparedness

• Conditioning

• Counterconditioning

Which of the following is an example of taste aversion?

• Mick does not like avocados because he dislikes their

  texture.

• Tran avoids eating dessert after 9:00 p.m. to avoid

  staying up too late.

• Esther vomited after eating hamburgers and

  thereafter avoided eating them.

• Blythe has never liked chocolate since she was a

  young child.