Which of the following is true about dystrophic calcification?

• It occurs in normal tissues.

• It is always associated with hypercalcemia.

• It occurs in areas of necrosis or tissue damage.

• It is caused by excessive vitamin D intake.

Metastatic calcification is commonly associated with which condition?

• Local tissue necrosis

• Chronic inflammation

• Hyperparathyroidism

• Ischemia

What is the key microscopic feature of dystrophic calcification?

• Deposition of calcium in intact tissue

• Psammoma bodies in necrotic areas

• Calcium deposition in the walls of healthy arteries

• Amorphous, basophilic calcium deposits on necrotic cells

Which of the following is NOT a cause of metastatic calcification?

• Hypercalcemia due to renal failure

• Vitamin D intoxication

• Elevated parathyroid hormone levels

• Chronic infection

In metastatic calcification, where does calcium typically deposit?

• Necrotic tissues

• Normal blood vessels and lungs

• Healing scars

• Areas of chronic inflammation

Which cellular mechanism is most closely associated with aging?

• Increased telomerase activity

• Accumulation of somatic DNA damage

• Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis

• Increased synthesis of growth factors

Telomere shortening during cell division is primarily mediated by which enzyme deficiency?

• DNA polymerase

• Telomerase

• Helicase

• RNA polymerase

Which of the following proteins is associated with the regulation of cellular senescence?

• p53

• Myc

• Ras

• Akt

What is the effect of caloric restriction on aging, according to studies mentioned in Robbins?

• Accelerates telomere shortening

• Decreases mitochondrial oxidative stress

• Reduces expression of DNA repair enzymes

• Increases metabolic rate

Lipofuscin accumulation in aging cells is indicative of which process?

• Increased protein synthesis

• Failure of proteasomal degradation

• Free radical-induced lipid peroxidation

• Enhanced autophagy