Rocket Fuel Biology AY25/26

Human Insulin is known as the first recombinant protein therapeutic. Which of the following describe the structure of insulin?

• 
  A molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

• Three fatty acids attached to one glycerol molecule

• 
  A series of nitrogenous bases attached to a ribose and phosphate backbone

• A chain of amino acids folded into a molecule

RNA Polymerase is trying to transcribe a pre-mRNA transcript of the following DNA sequence:

3'-AAAAGCCGTTTT-5'

What is the sequence of the pre-mRNA transcript?

• 5'-TTTTCGGCAAAA-3'

• 5'-UUUUCGGCAAAA-3'

• 3'-UUUUCGGCAAAA-5'

• 5'-AAAAGCCGTTTT-3'

You are a cell that wants to replicate your DNA. Which of the following is NOT necessary for you to begin your job?

• DNA Polymerase

• Deoxyribonucleotide bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)

• Helicase

• 2' hydroxyl (OH) end

Which of the following statements about transcription is/are false? (May have more than one answer)

• RNA Polymerase II synthesizes in 5' to 3' direction and incorporates dNTPs to elongate the mature mRNA strand.

• The high error rates on RNA Polymerase II stems from the lack of correcting mechanisms (exonuclease activity), and result in high mutation rates.

• RNA bases (NTPs) are unstable and prone to self-cleavage due to the presence of the 3'OH.

• Transcription in eukaryotes can be affected through direct and indirect mechanisms.

Which of the following about Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA replication is/are false? (There can be more than one answer)

• PCR uses heat to separate DNA strands while DNA replication in cells uses helicase enzymes.

• Uncontrolled DNA replication can lead to cancer.

• After separation of the strands by helicase, primase provides DNA primers for DNA replication.

• There are no lagging strands produced in PCR.