Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution Concepts

Philosophe

• French for 'philosopher'; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

• A type of French pastry

• A famous French painting style

• A historical French novel

Social Contract

• The idea that individuals should act in their own self-interest without regard for the community.

• The concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community.

• A theory that suggests government should be based on the consent of the governed, but only for a limited time.

• The belief that social norms and laws are created by individuals for their own benefit, without any obligation to others.

Deism

• A philosophy that emphasizes faith over reason

• An eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

• A belief system that rejects all forms of religion

• A doctrine that promotes the worship of multiple gods

Universal Law of Gravitation

• It describes the force of friction between two surfaces.

• It explains why the planetary bodies continue their elliptical orbits about the sun.

• It states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

• It defines the relationship between mass and energy.

Inductive Reasoning

• The process of deriving general principles from specific observations.

• A method of reasoning that starts with a general statement and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion.

• The practice of making predictions based on past experiences without any observations.

• A technique used to prove a theory by using mathematical equations.

Empiricism

• The belief that knowledge is innate

• The theory that knowledge is achieved through observation

• The idea that knowledge is based on reasoning

• The concept that knowledge is subjective

Scientific Method

• A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

• A random approach to experimentation

• A method used only in chemistry

• A way to prove personal beliefs

Salons

• Elegant urban drawing rooms where people gathered to discuss ideas

• Formal government meetings held by officials

• Private gatherings of artists to showcase their work

• Public lectures given by philosophers in universities

Rationalism

• A system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

• A belief that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience

• A philosophical approach that emphasizes emotional understanding

• A doctrine that asserts the importance of religious faith over reason

Separation of Powers

• A form of government where all powers are held by a single entity.

• A system where the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through checks and balances.

• A method of governance that allows for direct democracy.

• A structure that eliminates the need for a judicial branch.