AP Biology: Unit 4 Review (CED)

What is the function of cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs)?

• CdKs are enzymes that, when activated by cyclins, phosphorylate target proteins to drive the cell cycle forward.

• CdKs are proteins that inhibit the cell cycle by preventing cyclin activation.

• CdKs are involved in DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle.

• CdKs are responsible for the degradation of cyclins at the end of the cell cycle.

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What is a phosphorylation cascade?

• A process where proteins are synthesized in the cell nucleus.

• A series of chemical reactions where proteins are phosphorylated, amplifying the signal.

• A method of DNA replication in prokaryotic cells.

• A type of cellular respiration that occurs in mitochondria.

What is the difference between primary and secondary messengers?

• Primary messengers are the initial signaling molecules, while secondary messengers are molecules that relay and amplify the signal inside the cell.

• Primary messengers are only found in plants, while secondary messengers are found in animals.

• Primary messengers are always proteins, while secondary messengers are always lipids.

• Primary messengers are responsible for cell division, while secondary messengers are responsible for cell death.

Define positive feedback in biological systems.

• A mechanism that amplifies responses and processes in biological organisms, often leading to a greater change in the same direction.

• A process that reduces the effects of a stimulus, maintaining homeostasis.

• A feedback loop that stabilizes a system by counteracting changes.

• A method of communication between cells that enhances signal transmission.

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What is the role of feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis?

• They help regulate physiological processes to maintain stable internal conditions in organisms.

• They are responsible for the growth and development of organisms.

• They only function during times of stress and crisis.

• They have no significant impact on internal stability.

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What is gene expression in the context of signal transduction?

• The process of DNA replication in response to signals.

• The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, often proteins, in response to signals.

• The mechanism by which cells divide and replicate their genetic material.

• The method of transferring genetic information from one organism to another.

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What is the role of cyclin in the cell cycle?

• Cyclin is a protein that regulates the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs), which are essential for cell cycle progression.

• Cyclin is a type of enzyme that breaks down cellular waste during the cell cycle.

• Cyclin is a hormone that stimulates cell growth and division.

• Cyclin is a structural protein that forms the cell membrane during the cell cycle.

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What are ligands in the context of signal transduction?

• Molecules that bind to receptors on the cell surface, initiating the signal transduction pathway.

• Proteins that transport signals across the cell membrane.

• Enzymes that catalyze reactions in the cytoplasm.

• Hormones that regulate gene expression in the nucleus.

What is signal transduction?

• The process by which a cell responds to external signals through a series of molecular events, leading to a cellular response.

• The method by which cells divide and replicate their DNA.

• A mechanism for cells to communicate with each other through direct contact.

• The process of converting energy from one form to another within a cell.

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What role do secondary messengers play in signal transduction?

• They inhibit the signal received by the receptor.

• They amplify the signal received by the receptor and help propagate the signal within the cell.

• They are responsible for the degradation of the signal.

• They transport the signal across the cell membrane.