Pharmacology Concepts

Pharmacokinetics

• The study of how drugs move through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

• The process of how drugs are manufactured and formulated.

• The examination of the effects of drugs on living organisms.

• The analysis of drug interactions and side effects.

First-Pass Effect

• The process by which a drug is metabolized after systemic circulation.

• The metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation.

• The elimination of a drug from the body after it has been absorbed.

• The absorption of a drug directly into the bloodstream without any metabolism.

Drug toxicity

• can occur if a drug's concentration exceeds a therapeutic range

• is always reversible with treatment

• is only caused by intentional overdose

• is not affected by drug accumulation

Refractory Anaphylaxis definition

• Anaphylaxis that resolves after one dose of IM adrenaline.

• Anaphylaxis requiring ongoing treatment despite 2 appropriate doses of IM adrenaline.

• Anaphylaxis that occurs only in children.

• Anaphylaxis that is triggered by food allergies.

The second pass

• The first-pass effect occurs in various tissues and organs throughout the body.

• The second-pass effect occurs after a drug has entered the systemic circulation.

• The second-pass effect is primarily associated with the kidneys.

• The first-pass effect is also known as second-pass metabolism.

What medication is the most important one for patient with anaphylaxis

• IM Adrenaline

• Antihistamines

• Corticosteroids

• Beta-agonists

Clearance

• The rate at which a drug is removed from the body. Determines the dosing rate required to achieve a desired drug concentration.

• The time it takes for a drug to reach its peak concentration in the bloodstream.

• The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream after administration.

• The total amount of drug that is available in the body at any given time.

Common causes of anaphylaxis

• Foods, medications, insect stings

• Dust mites, pollen, mold

• Exercise, cold weather, stress

• Alcohol, caffeine, tobacco

In patient with anaphylaxis what position would you nurse them?

• Sit up or lie them down

• Stand upright

• Lie flat on their back

• Sit with legs elevated

Blood Brain Barrier

• The BBB allows the passage of large, hydrophilic molecules into the brain.

• The BBB restricts the entry of small, lipid-soluble molecules.

• The BBB allows the passage of small, lipid-soluble molecules and actively transports essential nutrients into the brain.

• The BBB permits all types of molecules to enter the brain freely.