These are codes that live outside the media product themselves but would be understood in similar ways in the real life of the audience.

It is a text you can see within the frame and how it is presented.

It is the formal written language used in a media product.

It is any sound that is added in post-production and is only heard by the audience, not characters within the narrative

It is a film editing technique that controls the space and flow of a film by adjusting the length of shots.

It is the most noticeable color in an image or scene.

It is a  common narrative structures and understandings common in storytelling media products.

It is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight specific elements of the scene

It is a French term meaning ‘everything with the frame’

These are system of signs which create meaning