Chemical digestion is a series of _____ reactions that break dietary macromolecules into monomers

Answer explanation

Enzymatic hydrolysis reactions

polysaccarides -> monosaccarides

proteins -> amino acids

fats -> glyceral and fatty acids

nucelic acid -> nucleotides

________ disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the gums and bone supporting the teeth, potentially leading to tooth loss if left untreated. 

Saliva is composed of:

• salivary amylase and lingual lipase

• mucus

• lysozyme

• immunoglobulin A

• Electrolytes

Answer explanation

Salivary glands:

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

intrinsic salivary glands: in tongue tissue, cheeks, inner lips. (lingualm labial, buccal glands)

Swallowing center is where in the brain?

• hypothalamus

• medulla and pons

• thalamus

• midbrain

Answer explanation

Buccal phase:

Tongue collects food, presses it against palate, forms a bolus, pushes it through fauces into pharynx

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase: 

• Root of tongue blocks oral cavity

• Soft palate blocks nasopharynx

• Infrahyoid muscles elevate larynx

• Epiglottis closes airway

• Pharyngeal constrictors drive bolus downward

• Esophageal peristalsis takes over

The "brain of the gut"

works with autonomic nervous system and independently

Answer explanation

A plexus of parasympathetic nerves and ganglia in wall of GI tract.

Controls GI secretion, motility, and blood flow.

The stomach BEGINS chemical digestion of...

• carbs

• fats

• proteins

• nucleic acids

• fibers

The stomach produces a pasty/soupy mixture called:

A patient in the emergency room begins vomiting uncontrollably after experiencing severe abdominal trauma. Which of the following best explains the physiological response controlled by the emetic center in this situation?

• A. Increased bile secretion and smooth muscle relaxation

• B. Activation of reverse peristalsis, increased heart rate, salivation, and sweating

• C. Decreased respiratory rate and inhibition of gastric acid production

• D. Enhanced absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

A child develops projectile vomiting after consuming spoiled food. If this continues unchecked, which of the following complications is the most likely to develop?

• A. Decreased muscle tone and body temperature

• B. Nutrient overload and high blood sugar

• C. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and possible esophageal damage

• D. Damaged immune response and decreased red blood cell count

Chief cells in the stomach secrete...

• Pepsinogen

• Chymosin

• Intrinsic factor

• Gastric Lipase

• hydrochloric acid