2.8 Intelligence and Achievement

General intelligence (g)

• A theory that suggests a single factor underlies various cognitive abilities.

• A measure of an individual's emotional intelligence.

• A concept that refers to the ability to solve mathematical problems only.

• A theory that emphasizes the importance of social skills in intelligence.

Predictive validity

• The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.

• The extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure.

• The degree to which a test remains consistent over time.

• The accuracy of a test in predicting future performance.

Growth mindset

• The belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work.

• The idea that intelligence is fixed and cannot be changed.

• The notion that success is solely based on talent and luck.

• The perspective that effort does not lead to improvement.

Constructive validity

• The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

• The extent to which a test is consistent in its results.

• The ability of a test to predict future performance.

• The relevance of a test to the subject matter it covers.

Aptitude tests

• Tests designed to predict a person's future performance or capacity to learn.

• Tests that measure a person's current knowledge in a specific subject.

• Tests that evaluate a person's emotional intelligence and social skills.

• Tests that assess a person's physical abilities and fitness levels.

Reliability

• The ability to produce consistent results over time.

• The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

• The extent to which research findings can be generalized.

• The consistency of a research study or measuring test.

Test-retest reliability

• A measure of the consistency of a psychological test or assessment.

• A method to evaluate the validity of a test.

• A technique to improve the accuracy of test scores.

• A process to ensure the fairness of a psychological assessment.

Multiple abilities (Howard Gardner)

• Howard Gardner's theory that intelligence is composed of multiple distinct abilities rather than a single factor.

• Intelligence is solely determined by genetic factors.

• All individuals have the same type of intelligence regardless of their environment.

• Intelligence can be measured by a single standardized test.

Split-half reliability

• A measure of consistency where a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared.

• A method to assess the validity of a test by comparing it to another established test.

• A technique used to measure the average score of a group on a single test.

• A process of ensuring that a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Psychometrics

• The field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.

• The study of physical measurements and their applications.

• A branch of psychology focused on the treatment of mental disorders.

• The analysis of statistical data in psychological research.