Section 1 & 2

What distinguishes outcomes from outputs in the PMBOK 7th Edition context?

• Outcomes are tangible deliverables while outputs are intangible benefits

• Outputs are broader and focus on organizational value while outcomes are specific artifacts

• Outcomes have broader intent focusing on benefits and value, while outputs are specific deliverables and artifacts

• Outcomes and outputs are synonymous terms used interchangeably throughout the standard

According to the standard, what is the key difference between a program and a portfolio?

• Programs manage related projects for coordinated benefits; portfolios manage diverse components for strategic objectives

• Programs are larger than portfolios in scope and complexity

• Portfolios are temporary while programs are permanent organizational structures

• Programs focus on operational efficiency while portfolios focus on project delivery

In the information flow model, what type of information flows from operations back to programs and projects?

• Strategic directives and policy changes

• Budget allocations and resource assignments

• Information for updates, fixes, and adjustments to deliverables

• Performance metrics and stakeholder feedback

Which statement best describes the relationship between governance systems and value delivery systems?

• Governance systems replace value delivery systems in mature organizations

• Governance systems work alongside value delivery systems to enable workflows and support decision making

• Value delivery systems provide oversight for governance systems

• Governance and value delivery systems operate independently without interaction

What is the primary distinction between customers and end users in project contexts?

• Customers use the deliverables while end users fund the project

• End users are always internal to the organization while customers are external

• Customers request or fund the project; end users experience direct use of deliverables

• Customers provide requirements while end users provide feedback only after delivery

Which function involves "prioritizing requirements or backlog items based on business value, dependencies, and technical or operational risk"?

• Provide Oversight and Coordination

• Apply Expertise

• Provide Business Direction and Insight

• Maintain Governance

The "Facilitate and Support" function differs from "Provide Oversight and Coordination" primarily because it:

• Focuses on encouraging participation and resolving conflicts rather than orchestrating work

• Deals with external stakeholders while coordination handles internal team members

• Provides technical expertise while coordination provides administrative support

• Operates at the portfolio level while coordination operates at the project level

Which of the following is NOT listed as an internal environment factor?

• Knowledge assets and tacit knowledge among team members

• Geographic distribution of facilities and resources

• Regulatory environment and legislative constraints

• Organizational culture, structure, and governance

Process assets may include all of the following EXCEPT:

• PMO resources and organizational templates

• Methodologies, approaches, and frameworks

• Commercial databases and industry benchmarking

• Tools, patterns, and standardized processes

In adaptive and hybrid project environments, the "Present Objectives and Feedback" function differs from predictive environments because:

• Feedback is only provided at project closure in adaptive environments

• The need for ongoing feedback is greater due to exploration and incremental development

• Customers are not involved in adaptive environments

• Objectives remain fixed throughout adaptive projects