Global 1 review 1

“The Neolithic Revolution was not a sudden event but a gradual transition from foraging to farming. Over thousands of years, people in different regions began to domesticate plants and animals, changing their relationship with the environment. This transformation led to more stable food supplies and eventually to the rise of permanent settlements.”
— *Adapted from Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel

QUESTION

According to the passage, what was a major consequence of the Neolithic Revolution?

• The immediate disappearance of nomadic lifestyles

• A decrease in the variety of available food sources

• The creation of more reliable food supplies and permanent homes

• The decline of technological innovation

“Early Neolithic villages like Jericho and Catalhoyuk show evidence of carefully constructed homes, defensive walls, and religious shrines. These settlements were made possible by the surplus of crops produced by early agriculture, allowing some individuals to specialize in roles other than food production.”

QUESTION

What does the description of early Neolithic villages suggest about changes in society during this time?

• Villagers were entirely dependent on outside trade

• Social roles and specialization began to emerge

• Nomadic raids caused villages to be abandoned frequently

• Farming replaced all forms of spiritual and religious activity

“Before the Neolithic Age, humans followed herds and relied heavily on seasonal patterns to survive. With the domestication of animals and the ability to cultivate wheat and barley, early farmers could store food and remain in one location. This shift allowed families to grow and communities to develop governing rules and traditions.”

QUESTION

Which development resulted most directly from the change described in the passage?

• More frequent conflict over water resources

• The collapse of early civilizations

• Growth of population and community structures

• Return to hunting as the primary food source

“The Sumerians of Mesopotamia developed one of the world’s first writing systems, known as cuneiform. They used wedge-shaped marks pressed into clay tablets to keep records of trade, laws, and religious rituals. This innovation allowed knowledge to be passed on more accurately from one generation to the next.”

QUESTION

Why was the development of cuneiform a significant advancement for Sumerian civilization?

• It eliminated the need for religious practices

• It allowed Sumerians to conquer neighboring regions

• It provided a way to preserve and transmit knowledge

• It discouraged trade with other cultures

“The Nile River was essential to the survival and prosperity of Ancient Egypt. Its predictable flooding provided rich, fertile soil, making it possible to grow surplus crops. These surpluses supported a large population and helped fund massive state projects such as pyramids and temples.”

QUESTION

Based on the passage, how did the Nile River influence the development of Ancient Egyptian civilization?

• It isolated Egypt from the rest of the world

• It enabled agricultural surpluses and state-building

• It prevented cultural and technological advancements

• It encouraged the Egyptians to become nomads

“Archaeologists studying the ruins of the Indus Valley cities, such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, have uncovered advanced urban planning. These cities featured grid-like street layouts, complex drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes—suggesting a highly organized government and concern for public hygiene.”

QUESTION

What does the archaeological evidence suggest about the Indus Valley civilization?

• It lacked any form of central government

• It prioritized military conquest over public works

• It developed advanced planning and infrastructure

• It was based entirely on a nomadic lifestyle

“Under the Gupta Empire (320–550 CE), India experienced a golden age of cultural and scientific achievements. Mathematicians developed the concept of zero and a decimal system, while artists and writers produced works that celebrated Hindu themes and epics such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana.”

QUESTION

What conclusion can be drawn about the Gupta Empire based on this passage?

• It supported advances in math, science, and the arts

• It was primarily a military empire with little cultural influence

• It discouraged scientific and literary development

• It abandoned Hinduism in favor of Buddhism

“Confucius, a Chinese philosopher during the Zhou Dynasty, taught that social order and harmony could be achieved if people followed a code of proper behavior. His ideas emphasized filial piety, respect for elders, and the importance of education. These teachings became the foundation of Chinese civil service and government.”

QUESTION

Which of the following best reflects the influence of Confucianism on Chinese society?

• Widespread promotion of individualism over social roles

• Rejection of education as a means to succeed

• Emphasis on hierarchical relationships and moral behavior

• Encouragement of rebellion against authority

“The Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) strengthened China through a centralized bureaucracy, the construction of roads and canals, and the expansion of trade along the Silk Road. Confucian ideals shaped the training and selection of government officials through a civil service examination system.”

Question:
Which factor contributed to the stability and success of the Han Dynasty, according to the passage?

• A decentralized government system

• Isolation from other civilizations

• Infrastructure projects and Confucian-based administration

• The rejection of foreign trade

“Athens is often remembered as the birthplace of democracy. In the 5th century BCE, male citizens participated directly in government decisions through the assembly. While this system excluded women, slaves, and foreigners, it was a revolutionary form of citizen involvement in political life.”

Question:

What was a key characteristic of democracy in Classical Athens?

• Equal voting rights for all residents

• Direct participation by citizens in decision-making

• A monarchy supported by the military

• Representation by elected officials only