You are coaching a cyclist for a race with steep uphill segments (around 8% gradient). Based on your understanding of cycling biomechanics and posture optimization, select which posture adjustments would best help the cyclist improve mechanical output and efficiency on these uphill sections?

i. Maintain a normal posture with hands on the drops to minimize frontal area and reduce drag.

ii. Adopt an upright posture, especially in windless conditions and on slopes steeper than 7.5%, to improve economy.

iii. Increase mechanical output by shifting forward on the saddle and flex the trunk (leaning forward).

iv. Sit back on the saddle and keep the trunk vertical to maximize comfort and endurance.

• i, ii, iii

• ii, iii

• ii, iii, iv

• all of the above

During a squat exercise, Zairil lifted 150kg for 6 repetitions. Each repetition requires Zairil to lower the barbell 30cm vertically. Calculate the total work done during the concentric phases for that set.

• 2646 Nm

• 900 Nm

• 1800 N

• 3240 N

During a cycling performance analysis, the angle between the cyclist's upper arm and forearm is measured to be 150.3° at the start and reduces to 60.8° at the end of the stroke. What is the angular displacement?

*note - 1 radian = 57.3 degrees

θ = s/r

• 1.56 rad

• 2.43 rad

• 89.5 rad

• 4.5 rad

A runner completes a 200-meter distance in 25 seconds during a marathon. Determine the runner’s average speed during this segment:

• 8.0 km/h

• 8.0 m/s

• 7.2 m/s

• 7.2 km/h

Newton's _____ law states that a body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity

unless acted on by an external force that changes the

state

• 1st

• 2nd

• 3rd

• 4th

*Select ALL correct answers

Apply the principles of mechanical stability to the following scenario:

A basketball player is preparing to receive a pass. As the player anticipates the ball, they position their feet shoulder-width apart and slightly bend their knees. To prepare for the catch, the player shifts their weight slightly forward, maintaining a low and centrally aligned center of gravity.

Identify two mechanical principles the player is using to enhance stability.

• Increasing the base of support

• Decreasing the base of support

• Heightening the center of gravity

• Lowering the center of gravity

_______ is the standard unit for quantifying angles in mathematics

• degree

• radian

• turn

• arc

When a figure skater pulls their arms in while spinning, how does this affect their rotational speed?

• It decreases

• It remains the same

• It increases

• It fluctuates

What is the formula for Potential Energy

• PE = ½ m · v2

• PE = ½ k · Δx2

• PE = m·g·h

• PE = ma

What is the term for the immediate physiological responses of the body during exercise?

• Chronic adaptations

• Acute responses

• Long-term effects

• Metabolic changes