Enlightenment & the French Revolution

Oliver Cromwell

• Named Lord Protector of England after the monarchy was abolished.

• A famous king known for his lavish parties.

• A military leader who never held political power.

• An advocate for the restoration of the monarchy.

First Estate

• Made up of Roman Catholic clergy, 1% of population

• Consisted of the nobility, 2% of population

• Included the commoners, 97% of population

• Represented the merchants and tradesmen, 5% of population

Ivan the Terrible

• Mid-1500s Russian ruler who centralized power and expanded territory through wars.

• A famous Russian artist known for his paintings in the 18th century.

• A revolutionary leader who fought against the monarchy in the 19th century.

• A military general who led Russia during World War I.

Divine Right

• Belief that God gives king authority to rule

• A principle that supports democracy

• A theory that promotes the separation of church and state

• A doctrine that advocates for the rights of the people

Social Contract

• A theory by John Locke that emphasizes individual rights and limited government.

• An idea by Thomas Hobbes that people needed government to impose order, so people should give up some freedoms in exchange for peace, safety, and order that government can provide.

• A concept developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau that focuses on the collective will of the people.

• A principle stating that government should have absolute power over its citizens.

John Locke

• English philosopher who believed that people were naturally happy, tolerant, and reasonable.

• A French philosopher known for his ideas on the social contract.

• An American political leader who advocated for independence from Britain.

• A German philosopher who focused on the concept of the will.

Johannes Kepler

• Proved heliocentric theory

• Developed the theory of relativity

• Discovered the law of universal gravitation

• Invented the telescope

Rousseau

• French philosopher who believed people were born good, but were corrupted by society.

• A political leader who advocated for absolute monarchy.

• An economist who focused on free market principles.

• A scientist known for his contributions to biology.

Continental System

• A strategy used by Napoleon to strengthen England during the Napoleonic wars.

• A trade blockade imposed by Napoleon to weaken England by prohibiting France’s allies and neutral countries from trading with England.

• A military alliance formed by Napoleon to support England during the Napoleonic wars.

• A diplomatic agreement between France and England to end hostilities.

Tennis Court Oath

• The Third Estate demanded equal voting rights for all estates.

• The Third Estate wanted to abolish the monarchy entirely.

• The Third Estate locked themselves in a tennis court until the King agreed to a constitution.

• The Third Estate was satisfied with the voting system in place.