CTS - Deductive & Inductive Quiz

Which of the following is FALSE about deductive arguments?

• The conclusion logically follows from the premises

• They work in a bottom-up manner from specific to general

• They are based on certainty rather than probability

• A valid deductive argument guarantees the truth of the conclusion if premises are true

A deductive argument can be valid but unsound when:

• The premises are false but the logical structure is correct

• The premises are true but the logical structure is flawed

• Both premises and conclusion are false

• The argument uses inductive indicator words

True or False: In logic, validity is distinct from the actual truth of premises or conclusions.

• True

• False

Consider this argument: "All birds can fly. Penguins are birds. Therefore, penguins can fly." This argument is:

• Valid and sound

• Invalid and unsound

• Valid but unsound

• Invalid but sound

Which indicator words suggest deductive reasoning?

• I. "It logically follows that" II. "Probably" III. "This logically implies that" IV. "Chances are that"

• I and II

• II and III

• I and III

• III and IV

The major premise, minor premise, and conclusion in deductive arguments are collectively known as:

• Logical structures

• Syllogisms

• Inference patterns

• Validity tests

Everything is true about deductive argument structure EXCEPT:

• It starts from a general rule

• It applies the rule to a specific case

• It builds from observations to generalizations

• It arrives at a logical conclusion

True or False: A deductive argument is sound when it is valid and all premises are factually true.

• True

• False

In the example "All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal," which component represents the minor premise?

• All humans are mortal

• Socrates is human

• Therefore, Socrates is mortal

• The entire logical structure

Which of the following best describes why the premise-conclusion relationship matters in deductive reasoning?

• It determines the argument's popularity

• It establishes the logical flow from premises to conclusion

• It makes the argument more persuasive

• It increases the probability of the conclusion