CFA AP Psych Unit 3

Which of the following best describes the process of classical conditioning?

• Learning through observing others' behaviors and consequences

• Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

• Learning by trial and error without any reinforcement

• Learning through insight and sudden realization

In operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

• Giving a child candy for cleaning their room

• Removing a loud noise when a rat presses a lever

• Scolding a student for being late

• Ignoring a dog when it barks

Which statement accurately differentiates between classical and operant conditioning?

• Classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors, while operant conditioning involves involuntary responses.

• Classical conditioning pairs stimuli, while operant conditioning pairs behavior with consequences.

• Both classical and operant conditioning require reinforcement.

• Operant conditioning does not involve learning associations.

A student studies hard to avoid getting a bad grade. Which type of operant conditioning is this an example of?

• Positive punishment

• Negative reinforcement

• Positive reinforcement

• Negative punishment

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of extinction in classical conditioning?

• A dog salivates at the sound of a bell after repeated pairings with food

• A dog stops salivating at the sound of a bell after the bell is repeatedly presented without food

• A dog salivates more when the bell is louder

• A dog salivates at the sight of its owner

A teacher wants to increase participation in class discussions. Design a plan using operant conditioning principles to achieve this goal. Explain your reasoning.

• Use punishment to discourage students from not participating

• Use positive reinforcement by giving praise or extra credit to students who participate, thereby increasing the likelihood of participation

• Ignore students who do not participate

• Use negative reinforcement by removing homework for those who participate

Given a scenario where a child develops a fear of dogs after being bitten, analyze how classical conditioning explains this learned behavior.

• The child associates the pain from the bite (unconditioned stimulus) with the sight of the dog (neutral stimulus), resulting in fear (conditioned response) when seeing dogs

• The child learns by observing others being afraid of dogs

• The child is punished for approaching dogs

• The child is rewarded for avoiding dogs

Evaluate the effectiveness of using punishment versus reinforcement in operant conditioning to change behavior. Support your answer with reasoning.

• Punishment is always more effective than reinforcement

• Reinforcement is generally more effective because it encourages desired behaviors, while punishment may suppress behavior but not teach alternatives

• Both are equally effective in all situations

• Neither punishment nor reinforcement affects behavior

A researcher wants to study the neurological basis of classical conditioning in rats. Which approach would best allow them to investigate this?

• Observing rats in a natural environment

• Measuring changes in brain activity using imaging techniques during conditioning trials

• Asking rats to describe their feelings

• Giving rats a written test

Compare and contrast the cognitive factors involved in classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Use evidence to support your answer.

• Both rely solely on automatic responses without cognitive involvement

• Classical conditioning involves expectation and prediction of events, while operant conditioning involves decision-making and evaluation of consequences; evidence shows cognitive processes influence both types of learning

• Only operant conditioning involves cognitive factors

• Neither involves cognitive factors