Based on the given properties of the compound and its example. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

NaCl → ionic bond, high melting point

CO2 → polar molecule, paramagnetic

Mg → covalent bond, poor conductor

CH4 → polar bonds, overall polar molecule

Given that ionic compounds form through electron transfer and covalent compounds form through electron sharing, which physical property best distinguishes covalent compounds from ionic ones?

Low melting points, poor conductors

High melting points, soluble in water

Electrical conductivity in molten state

Metallic luster and malleability

Refer to the diagram. Which statement is TRUE about metallic bonding?

It consists of delocalized electrons forming a “sea” around positive ions.

It involves transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals.

It involves shared electron pairs between nonmetals.

It is the weakest type of chemical bond.

Using the diagram of metallic bonding, describe how the arrangement of metal atoms and free electrons affects the physical properties of metals such as conductivity and malleability. Explain the role of delocalized electrons in this bonding model.

Metal atoms are arranged in a lattice surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons, which allows metals to conduct electricity and be malleable.

Metal atoms are tightly bonded with fixed electrons, making metals poor conductors and brittle in structure.

Metal atoms share electrons in pairs, forming directional bonds that limit conductivity and flexibility.

Metal atoms lose all electrons to form ionic compounds, resulting in non- metallic properties.

A compound is described as having a crystalline solid structure a high melting and boiling point and the ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water, what type of compound is being describe?

Both metallic and ionic compound

Magnesium (Mg) is a light, strong metal, and Chlorine (Cl) is a toxic gas. When they react, they form magnesium chloride (MgCl2), a non-toxic salt compound often used to de-ice roads or as a nutritional supplement. The diagram shows the electron shell models for a neutral magnesium atom and a neutral chlorine atom. To form a stable compound, how will these atoms most likely form ions?

One magnesium atom will lose two electrons, and two chlorine atoms will each gain one electron.

One magnesium atom will lose one electron, and one chlorine atom will gain one electron.

One magnesium atom will gain two electrons, and two chlorine atoms will each lose one electron.

One magnesium atom will share two electrons with one chlorine atom.

Sodium is a highly reactive metal found in many compounds, including table salt. When a neutral sodium atom (Na) participates in a chemical reaction, it typically forms a sodium ion (Na+). Based on the diagram, which statement best explains how a neutral sodium atom becomes a sodium ion?

The atom loses an electron, resulting in more protons than electrons.

The atom gains a proton to become positively charged.

The atom loses a proton to become negatively charged.

The atom gains an electron, resulting in more electrons than protons.

A student claims fluorine becomes stable by losing one electron. What is the best response?

Disagree, because fluorine gains one electron to stabilize

Disagree, because fluorine does not form ions at all

Agree, because fluorine has a full outer shell already

Agree, because losing electrons makes atoms neutral

Carbon is known for forming a wide variety of organic compounds. Based on its bonding behavior, which type of chemical bond does carbon most commonly form, and how does this enable the structural diversity observed in organic molecules?

Covalent bond — enables stable electron sharing and versatile bonding patterns

Ionic bond — allows strong electrostatic attractions between atoms

Metallic bond — contributes to conductivity and malleability in organic structures

Hydrogen bond — forms weak attractions that stabilize organic frameworks

Imagine a scenario where carbon atoms could only form single covalent bonds, and not double or triple bonds. What would be the most likely implication for organic chemistry and the diversity of molecules?

There would be reduced molecular diversity and different chemical properties

There would be more molecular functional groups

There would be more molecular diversity

The results would still be the same

Analyze the bonding in ethene (C2H4). How does the number of shared electron pairs between the two carbon atoms influence the molecule’s geometry and chemical reactivity?

2 – Creates a planar structure with increased reactivity due to the presence of a double bond

1 – Results in a linear structure with low reactivity

3 – Forms a rigid structure with limited chemical interactions

4 – Leads to a tetrahedral geometry and saturated bonding

Evaluate the bonding behavior of carbon in organic compounds. What characteristic of carbon enables it to form a wide variety of complex molecules essential to life?

By forming many bonds using its electrons with other metals and nonmetals

By attracting other elements toward itself to form the bonds

By sharing its electrons with other metals and nonmetals

By transferring its electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements

Carbon is known for its versatility in forming chemical bonds. Analyze how its bonding capacity influences the structure and diversity of organic compounds. What is the maximum number of covalent bonds a single carbon atom can form, and how does this contribute to organic complexity?

4 – Enables carbon to form chains, rings, and complex structures

2 – Limits carbon to forming only linear molecules

3 – Allows branching but restricts ring formation

5 – Leads to unstable compounds with limited chemical relevance

Your research is about designing a new biodegradable plastic. Based on your understanding of the general classes and uses of organic compounds, which class would be most suitable for this purpose, and why?

Esters – because they can be engineered for flexibility and biodegradability

Hydrocarbons – because they are stable and non-reactive

Alcohols – because they dissolve easily in water

Amines – because they are commonly used in fertilizers

A chemist is developing a new pain-relief medication. Based on your understanding of the general classes of organic compounds and their biological activity, which class is most likely to be involved in the formulation of this drug, and why?

Amines – often found in biologically active compounds

Carboxylic acids – commonly used for flavoring and preservatives

Alcohols – primarily used as solvents and disinfectants

Hydrocarbons – mostly used as fuels with limited biological activity

Which statement best explains how the general classes of organic compounds relate to their common uses in everyday life?

Alcohols are used in fuels and disinfectants because they dissolve substances and burn cleanly.

Hydrocarbons are mainly used in food production due to their nutritional value.

Carboxylic acids are used in plastics because they are chemically inert.

Amines are used in perfumes because they have a sweet fragrance.

A company is designing a new cleaning product intended to remove both oily residues and water-based stains. Based on your understanding of chemical properties, which type of compound would be most effective in this formulation, and why?

Alcohols – because they are polar and can dissolve both water-based and oily substances

Hydrocarbons – because they are nonpolar and dissolve water-based stains effectively

Esters – because they are highly reactive and ideal for breaking down all types of stains

Alkanes – because they are stable and enhance the product’s fragrance

Cleaning products often contain organic compounds with specific chemical properties. Which of the following best explains how the class of organic compound used in cleaning products relates to its effectiveness, with an example?

Alcohols – used in hand sanitizers because they dissolve oils and kill microbes effectively

Hydrocarbons – used in soaps because they dissolve both polar and nonpolar substances

Carboxylic acids – used in detergents because they are chemically inert and non-reactive

Amines – used in bleach because they have a pleasant odor and are non-toxic.

How can knowledge about moles be useful for an environmentalist?

Mole concepts can be used to quantify the number of pollutant particles released into the atmosphere.

Mole concepts can be used in environmental monitoring.

It gives information on the most dangerous pollutants in the atmosphere.

It gives feedback on the kinds of pollutants present in the atmosphere.

What is the standard unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or ions?

Mole is the SI unit for the amount of substance, which represents a fixed number (Avogadro’s number) of particles

Celsius because it is a unit of measurement.

Grams because we measure matter in grams.

Grams for mass, liters for volume, and other units for the number of particles.

A bakery uses baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) as a leavening agent. To better understand the chemical reactions during baking, the head baker wants to calculate how many molecules of NaHCO3 are in a 5-gram packet. Given that the molar mass of NaHCO3 is approximately 84 g/mol, which of the following steps correctly leads to the number of molecules?

Divide 5 g by 84 g/mol, then multiply by Avogadro’s number

Multiply 5 g by 84 g/mol, then multiply by Avogadro’s number

Multiply 5 g by Avogadro’s number, then divide by 84 g/mol

Divide Avogadro’s number by 5 g, then multiply by 84 g/mol

A sample contains 0.5 moles of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Calculate the number of molecules and the total mass of the sample. (Molar mass of CaCO3 = 100 g/mol)

$$3.01 \times 10^{23}$$ molecules and 50 g

$$6.02 \times 10^{22}$$ molecules and 25 g

$$1.00 \times 10^{24}$$ molecules and 100 g

$$1.50 \times 10^{23}$$ molecules and 75 g

Percentage composition allows chemists to determine how much of each element is present in a compound, which is essential for calculating formulas, designing reactions, and analyzing substances. Why is percentage composition important in chemical analysis?

It helps identify the relative amount of each element present in a compound

It tells the exact number of atoms in a compound

It shows the reactivity of a compound

It explains how compounds are named

John calculated that water (H2O) is 11.11% hydrogen and 88.89% oxygen. What does 88.89% represent?

The fraction of the molar mass contributed by oxygen

The number of oxygen atoms in water

The volume of oxygen gas in water

Your science teacher asks you to create new compound problem involving percentage composition. Which of the following is the best way to create a problem scenario?

Provide a chemical compound (e.g., BaCl, H2SO4) and ask students to calculate the percentage composition of its elements.

Ask students to find the number of protons in an oxygen atom.

Ask students to balance a chemical equation.

Provide a diagram of molecular structure and ask students to label the bonds.

Which of the following is the correct way of computing the percentage composition of an element in a compound?

Mass of element in 1 mole of compound/Molar mass of compound x 100

Molar mass of compound/mass of element in 1 mole of a compound x100

Mass of element in 1 mole of compound/100 x molar mass of compound

Molar mass of compound x mass of element in 1 mole of compound x 100

Monette claims that the percentage composition of sulfur in SO2 and SO is the same since both compounds contain sulfur and oxygen. Which of the following best justifies whether the claim is correct?

The claim is incorrect because CO2 has twice as many oxygen atoms as CO, which changes the total molar mass and the percentage of carbon.

The claim is correct because both compounds contain one atom of carbon.

The claim is incorrect because the mass ratio of carbon to oxygen differs in CO2 and CO, giving different carbon percentages.

The claim is correct because oxygen does not affect the percentage composition of carbon.

Science 9 Reviewer

Authored by Maurice Bautista

Science

9th Grade

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In the quantum mechanical model of the atom, which subatomic particle determines the identity of an element?

Atomic mass

Number of neutrons

Number of protons

Number of orbitals

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Rutherford’s gold foil experiment led to the discovery of a dense central region in the atom. Based on this model, which subatomic particle(s) are found in the nucleus?

Proton and electron

Neutron and electron

Proton and neutron

Proton only

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read each statement and its corresponding reason carefully. Then, analyze the relationship between the two. Choose the correct answer from the options and select the letter of your answer.
Statement A: The energy of an electron in an atom is greater for greater values of n. Statement B: The number, n, is referred to as the principal quantum number.

A. Both the statement is correct

B. Both the statement is incorrect

C. If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

D. If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read each statement and its corresponding reason carefully. Then, analyze the relationship between the two. Choose the correct answer from the options and select the letter of your answer.
Statement A: The positively charged protons in the nucleus stabilize the electronic orbitals by electrostatic attraction between the positive charges of the protons and the negative charges of the electrons.
Statement B: The further away the electron is from the nucleus, the lower the energy it has.

A. Both the statement is correct

B. Both the statement is incorrect

C. If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

D. If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Evaluate the diagram on the right side. Then, analyze the statements. Choose the correct answer from the options and select the letter of your answer.
Statement A: When an electron absorbs energy, it moves to a higher energy level, and the energy change is positive.
Statement B: When an electron falls to a lower energy level, it releases energy, and the energy change is negative.

A. Both the statement is correct

B. Both the statement is incorrect

C. If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

D. If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read each statement and its corresponding reason carefully. Then, analyze the relationship between the two. Choose the correct answer from the options and select the letter of your answer.
Statement A: The quantum mechanical model specifies the probability of finding an electron in the three-dimensional space around the nucleus and is based on solutions of the Schrödinger equation.
Statement B: The angular momentum quantum number l is an integer that defines the shape of the orbital and takes on the values l = 0, 1, 2..

A. Both the statement is correct

B. Both the statement is incorrect

C. If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

D. If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read each statement and its corresponding reason carefully. Then, analyze the relationship between the two. Choose the correct answer from the options and select the letter of your answer.
Statement A: An orbital with principal quantum number n = 1 can have an angular momentum quantum number l = 1.
Statement B: The principal quantum number defines the general size and energy of the orbital.

A. Both the statement is correct

B. Both the statement is incorrect

C. If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

D. If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

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