Landmark Cases: Judicial Review & Segregation

Declared segregated public schools inherently unequal and ordered desegregation

Upheld “separate but equal” segregation laws

Established judicial review for the Supreme Court

Separate facilities were equal and therefore did not violate the Constitution

Segregation was permitted only in federal facilities, not state facilities

The 14th Amendment guaranteed identical services, not equal protection

Segregation was temporary and subject to legislative review

Plessy v. Ferguson, because it mandated identical facilities for all races

Marbury v. Madison, because it prohibited state education policies

Brown v. Board of Education, because it ruled separate educational facilities are inherently unequal

Dred Scott v. Sandford, because it extended citizenship protections to all residents

Gideon v. Wainwright

In re Gault

Miranda v. Arizona

US v. Nixon

The Sixth Amendment guarantees a right to jury trials only in federal courts, and the Fourteenth Amendment limits that right in the states.

The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants, and the Fourteenth Amendment applies that protection to the states.

The Sixth Amendment guarantees protection against unreasonable searches, and the Fourteenth Amendment applies that protection only to civil cases.

The Sixth Amendment allows executive privilege during trials, and the Fourteenth Amendment exempts state officials.

The policy would likely stand because Gideon only covered violent offenses.

The policy would likely be struck down because the right to legal counsel is a fundamental Sixth Amendment right applied to the states.

The policy would likely be upheld because states can decide which defendants deserve counsel under federalism.

The policy would likely be approved if defendants can hire private attorneys.

Juveniles facing delinquency charges must receive due process protections similar to adults

Executive privilege is limited; the president must turn over demonstrably relevant evidence in criminal proceedings

Indigent defendants are guaranteed appointed legal counsel in criminal cases through the Sixth Amendment applied by the Fourteenth Amendment

Bush v. Gore

Marbury v. Madison

United States v. Nixon

Tinker v. Des Moines

Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Commerce Clause of Article I

Tenth Amendment state sovereignty

Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

Halted a manual electoral recount, determining presidential outcome

Required police to inform suspects of rights before interrogation

Protected student symbolic speech unless it causes substantial disruption