Biology 3C Review

Mutations in an organism's DNA may be either beneficial or harmful. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of DNA mutation?

• DNA mutation is an alteration in DNA replication that always results in phenotypic change. Mutations are usually due to radiation or other environmental factors.

• DNA mutation is a change in the way that genes reproduce themselves, which may or may not affect phenotypic characteristics. Mutations are usually due to environmental factors or heredity.

• DNA mutation is a change in the gene sequence, which sometimes results in phenotypic change. Mutations can be due to environmental factors, heredity, or a mistake in DNA replication.

• DNA mutation is an alteration in the nucleus of a cell that makes certain genes unable to be copied, and they result in phenotypic change. Mutations are usually due to viruses and environmental factors.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Use the chart below to answer the following question. A mutation changed an mRNA codon from UUA to CUU. Explain if this mutation would have an effect on gene expression.

• Yes, the mutation would have an effect on gene expression because the letters in the codon are different.

• Yes, the mutation would have an effect on gene expression because codons UUA and CUU code for different amino acids.

• No, the mutation would not have an effect on gene expression because the codon still has at least two U's.

• No, the mutation would have no effect on gene expression because codons UUA and CUU code for the same amino acid.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

DNA mutations can be present in a gene for many reasons. Which of the following does NOT describe a reason genetic mutation may exist in a gene?

• When a cell dies, the DNA in the cell's nucleus can mutate.

• Exposure to chemicals or radiation can cause mutation in DNA.

• Mutations in DNA can be passed down from a parent to a child.

• Polymerase can make a mistake in matching nucleotides during replication.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

The diagram below shows a process that occurs in the human body. Which statement BEST describes what occurs during step 1?

• A new rRNA strand is replicated during translation.

• A new mRNA strand is produced during transcription.

• A complementary DNA strand is produced during replication.

• A new set of amino acids are coded for by tRNA during protein formation.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

What is the likely effect of a mutation that changes a single base in a gene compared to a mutation that inserts a single additional base?

• Changing a single base will always change the amino acid specified by the codon, but inserting a base will not change the codon if it is inserted between two codons.

• Changing a single base will sometimes change the amino acid specified by the codon, but inserting a base will only change the single amino acid specified by the codon that receives the insertion.

• Changing a single base will sometimes change the amino acid specified by the codon, but inserting a base is a frameshift mutation that will change many of the codons that follow the point of insertion.

• Changing only a single base will never change the amino acid specified by the codon, but inserting a base is a frameshift mutation that will change many of the codons that follow the point of insertion.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Sickle shaped red blood cells result from a mutation in a gene that codes for hemoglobin. This mutation results in a condition called sickle-cell anemia. A partial sequence of bases from a normal hemoglobin gene and a sequence that results in sickle-cell anemia are shown. What type of mutation is depicted in this sequence?

• A mutation to a single gene

• A mutation to an entire chromosome

• A mutation to several genes

• A mutation to several chromosomes

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-1

Use the codon chart below to answer the following question. Transcribe and translate the DNA sequence below to a protein. GCT-ATG-ACA-TTT

• mRNA: CGA-UAC-UGU-AAA; Amino Acids: Arg-tyr-cys-lys

• mRNA: CGT-TAC-TGT-AAA; Amino Acids: Arg-asn-cys-cys

• mRNA: GUC-AAU-AAU-GCA; Amino Acids: Val-asn-asn-ala

• mRNA: GCU-UAG-UCU-UUU; Amino Acids: Arg-tyr-cys-lys

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS1-6

Which of the following would most likely cause a mutation?

• the placement of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum

• the insertion of a nucleotide into DNA

• the movement of transfer RNA out of the nucleus

• the release of messenger RNA from DNA

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

The graph represents the rate of protein synthesis occurring in different human body tissues. Use the graph to answer the question that follows. Which of the following statements is an inference that can be made from the graph above?

• the pancreas has a protein synthesis rate of 0.65 % per hour

• the tendon has a lower rate of protein synthesis than the liver

• bone tissue protein synthesis rates did not differ much from protein synthesis rates in muscle

• cells within liver and pancreas tissues divide and are replaced frequently

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NGSS.HS-LS2-3

What is the primary function of DNA replication in adult human somatic cells?

• to allow the cells to adapt to changes in the environment by generating new alleles of genes

• to generate multiple copies of genes the cell can use to increase protein production

• to prepare to create a new cell that contains the same genetic information

• to prepare the cell for meiosis to generate gametes