Module 2.4 Encoding Memories – Reading Comprehension

Based on the passage above, how do explicit and implicit memories differ?

• Explicit memories are consciously known facts and experiences encoded through effortful processing, whereas implicit memories are learned skills and conditioned associations formed via automatic processing without awareness.

• Explicit memories are emotional reactions formed automatically, whereas implicit memories are factual details that require conscious rehearsal.

• Explicit memories are always short-term and sensory, whereas implicit memories are long-term and semantic.

• Explicit memories are stored only during sleep, whereas implicit memories can be stored only while awake.

According to the passage, which types of information are typically processed automatically without conscious effort?

• Space, time, and frequency details encountered during daily activities

• Complex mathematical procedures and foreign language grammar

• Personal autobiographical facts from childhood

• Names and birthdays of all acquaintances

What is the primary function and duration of sensory memory as described in the passage?

• It briefly records momentary sensory impressions and feeds working memory, lasting only for a fleeting instant.

• It stores explicit facts indefinitely until they are rehearsed.

• It consolidates long-term semantic knowledge over hours of focused study.

• It eliminates routine details so effortful processing can handle complex tasks.

In the tone-cued letter recall task described in the passage, what directed participants to report a specific row of letters immediately after the brief display?

• The pitch of a tone (high, medium, or low) sounded after the display

• A color highlight that appeared on one row

• A pointer that moved across the screen

• A delayed tone sounded more than half a second later

According to the passage, iconic memory typically lasts for how long?

• A few tenths of a second

• 3 to 4 seconds

• About 12 seconds

• About one minute

Echoic memory, as described in the passage, most often persists for which duration?

• 3 to 4 seconds

• A few tenths of a second

• About 12 seconds

• Several minutes

What short-term memory capacity did George Miller propose?

• About seven pieces of information (give or take two)

• About three pieces of information

• About twelve pieces of information (give or take two)

• A single piece of information only

In the Peterson & Peterson procedure, what task was used to prevent rehearsal of the three-consonant groups?

• Counting aloud backward by threes starting at 100

• Repeating the letters silently

• Listening to background music

• Reading a short story

Based on the passage, what was typical recall of the consonants after 12 seconds with no rehearsal?

• Participants seldom recalled them at all

• Participants recalled nearly all of them

• Participants recalled about half of them

• Participants recalled more as consolidation improved

In Sperling’s experiment, which variable was the independent variable?

• The tone assigned (high, medium, or low)

• Participants’ recall accuracy

• The number of letters shown

• The spatial position of the rows