A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is

either UCA or TCA, depending on wobble in the first base.

What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence? 5' AUG–UCU–UCG–UUA–UCC–UUG 3'

met–ser–ser–leu–ser–leu

met–arg–glu–arg–glu–arg

met–glu–arg–arg–gln–leu

met–ser–leu–ser–leu–ser

met–leu–phe–arg–glu–glu

A peptide has the sequence NH2–phe–pro–lys–gly–phe–pro–COOH. Which of the following sequences in the coding strand of the DNA could code for this peptide?

5' TTT–CCC–AAA–GGG–TTT–CCC

3' UUU–CCC–AAA–GGG–UUU–CCC

3' AUG–AAA–GGG–TTT–CCC–AAA–GGG

5' GGG–AAA–TTT–AAA–CCC–ACT–GGG

5' ACT–TAC–CAT–AAA–CAT–TAC–UGA

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume all of the following except

DNA was the first genetic material.

a gene from an organism could theoretically be expressed by any other organism.

all organisms have a common ancestor.

the same codons in different organisms usually translate into the same amino acids.

different organisms have the same number of different types of amino acids.

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions. Evidence for this could be found if which of the following is true?

If UGA, usually a stop codon, is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only).

If one stop codon, such as UGA, is found to have a different effect on translation than another stop codon, such as UAA.

If prokaryotic organisms are able to translate a eukaryotic mRNA and produce the same polypeptide.

If several codons are found to translate to the same amino acid, such as serine.

If a single mRNA molecule is found to translate to more than one polypeptide when there are two or more AUG sites.

Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?

a triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG

a triplet separated spatially from other triplets

a triplet that has no corresponding amino acid

a triplet at the opposite end of tRNA from the attachment site of the amino acid

a sequence in tRNA at the 3' end

Which of the following is true for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region to begin transcription.

After transcription, a 3' poly-A tail and a 5' cap are added to mRNA.

Translation of mRNA can begin before transcription is complete.

mRNA is synthesized in the 3' → 5' direction.

The mRNA transcript is the exact complement of the gene from which it was copied.

In which of the following actions does RNA polymerase differ from DNA polymerase?

RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis, but DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis.

RNA polymerase uses RNA as a template, and DNA polymerase uses a DNA template.

RNA polymerase binds to single-stranded DNA, and DNA polymerase binds to double-stranded DNA.

RNA polymerase is much more accurate than DNA polymerase.

RNA polymerase does not need to separate the two strands of DNA in order to synthesize an RNA copy, whereas DNA polymerase must unwind the double helix before it can replicate the DNA.

Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?

RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to fall off the DNA and release the transcript.

RNA polymerase transcribes through the polyadenylation signal, causing proteins to associate with the transcript and cut it free from the polymerase.

RNA polymerase transcribes through an intron, and the snRNPs cause the polymerase to let go of the transcript.

Once transcription has initiated, RNA polymerase transcribes until it reaches the end of the chromosome.

RNA polymerase transcribes through a stop codon, causing the polymerase to stop advancing through the gene and release the mRNA.

RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?

3' → 5' along the template strand

3' → 5' along the coding (sense) strand

5' → 3' along the template strand

3' → 5' along the coding strand

5' → 3' along the double-stranded DNA

RNA polymerase in a prokaryote is composed of several subunits. Most of these subunits are the same for the transcription of any gene, but one, known as sigma, varies considerably. Which of the following is the most probable advantage for the organism of such sigma switching?

It might allow the polymerase to recognize different promoters under certain environmental conditions.

It might allow the transcription process to vary from one cell to another.

It could allow the polymerase to react differently to each stop codon.

It could allow ribosomal subunits to assemble at faster rates.

It could alter the rate of translation and of exon splicing.

Which of these is the function of a poly (A) signal sequence?

It codes for a sequence in eukaryotic transcripts that signals enzymatic cleavage ~10 —35 nucleotides away.

It adds the poly (A) tail to the 3' end of the mRNA.

It allows the 3' end of the mRNA to attach to the ribosome.

It is a sequence that codes for the hydrolysis of the RNA polymerase.

It adds a 7-methylguanosine cap to the 3' end of the mRNA.

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

several transcription factors (TFs)

the protein product of the promoter

A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which might this illustrate?

Any mutation in the sequence is selected against.

The sequence evolves very rapidly.

The sequence is found in many but not all promoters.

The sequence is transcribed at the start of every gene.

The TATA sequence is found only several nucleotides away from the start site of transcription. This most probably relates to which of the following?

the number of hydrogen bonds between A and T in DNA

the triplet nature of the codon

the ability of this sequence to bind to the start site

the supercoiling of the DNA near the start site

the 3-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule

an enzyme that uses RNA as a substrate

an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transcription process

an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication

A transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that

many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in mRNA.

there is redundancy and ambiguity in the genetic code.

many nucleotides are needed to code for each amino acid.

nucleotides break off and are lost during the transcription process.

there are termination exons near the beginning of mRNA.

Once transcribed, eukaryotic mRNA typically undergoes substantial alteration that includes

fusion into circular forms known as plasmids.

fusion with other newly transcribed mRNA.

Introns are significant to biological evolution because

their presence allows exons to be shuffled.

they protect the mRNA from degeneration.

they are translated into essential amino acids.

they maintain the genetic code by preventing incorrect DNA base pairings.

they correct enzymatic alterations of DNA bases.

Which of the following is (are) true of snRNPs?

They join together to form a large structure called the spliceosome.

They are made up of both DNA and RNA.

They bind to splice sites at each end of the exon.

They attach introns to exons in the correct order.

Alternative RNA splicing

can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA.

is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription.

can allow the production of similar proteins from different RNAs.

increases the rate of transcription.

is due to the presence or absence of particular snRNPs.

In the structural organization of many eukaryotic genes, individual exons may be related to which of the following?

the various domains of the polypeptide product

the sequence of the intron that immediately precedes each exon

the number of polypeptides making up the functional protein

the number of restriction enzyme cutting sites

the number of start sites for transcription

Each eukaryotic mRNA, even after post–transcriptional modification, includes 5′ and 3′ UTRs. Which are these?

the untranslated regions at either end of the coding sequence

the cap and tail at each end of the mRNA

the U attachment sites for the tRNAs

the U translation sites that signal the beginning of translation

the U—A pairs that are found in high frequency at the ends

In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5′ cap and poly(A) tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?

The molecule is digested by exonucleases since it is no longer protected at the 5′ end.

The mRNA could not exit the nucleus to be translated.

The cell recognizes the absence of the tail and polyadenylates the mRNA.

The molecule is digested by restriction enzymes in the nucleus.

The molecule attaches to a ribosome and is translated, but more slowly.

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is

either UAA or TAA, depending on first base wobble.

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the

shape of the A and P sites of ribosomes.

bonding of the anticodon to the codon.

attachment of amino acids to tRNAs.

What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule?

hydrogen bonding between base pairs

covalent bonding between sulfur atoms

ionic bonding between phosphates

van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms

peptide bonding between amino acids

The tRNA shown in Figure 17.4 has its 3′ end projecting beyond its 5′ end. What will occur at this 3′ end?

The amino acid binds covalently.

The codon and anticodon complement one another.

The excess nucleotides (ACCAA) will be cleaved off at the ribosome.

The small and large subunits of the ribosome will attach to it.

The 5′ cap of the mRNA will become covalently bound.

A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl synthetase that attaches a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of a phenylalanine. The consequence of this for the cell will be that

proteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU.

none of the proteins in the cell will contain phenylalanine.

the cell will compensate for the defect by attaching phenylalanine to tRNAs with lysine–specifying anticodons.

the ribosome will skip a codon every time a UUU is encountered.

None of the above will occur; the cell will recognize the error and destroy the tRNA.

There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that

the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible.

some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different codons.

many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are dispensable.

the DNA codes for all 61 tRNAs but some are then destroyed.

competitive exclusion forces some tRNAs to be destroyed by nucleases.

From the following list, which is the first event in translation in eukaryotes?

the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5′ cap of mRNA

base pairing of activated methionine–tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA

the larger ribosomal subunit binds to smaller ribosomal subunits

covalent bonding between the first two amino acids

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein — Worksheet Questions

Authored by Alida Tagre

Science

12th Grade

NGSS covered

Used 1+ times

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein — Worksheet Questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because

genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes.

enzymes are made of DNA, and affected individuals lack DNA polymerase.

many metabolic enzymes use DNA as a cofactor, and affected individuals have mutations that prevent their enzymes from interacting efficiently with DNA.

certain metabolic reactions are carried out by ribozymes, and affected individuals lack key splicing factors.

metabolic enzymes require vitamin cofactors, and affected individuals have significant nutritional deficiencies.

According to Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how many genes are necessary for this pathway? The pathway is A —(enzyme A)→ B —(enzyme B)→ C.

It cannot be determined from the pathway.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?

an accumulation of A and no production of B and C

an accumulation of A and B and no production of C

an accumulation of B and no production of A and C

an accumulation of B and C and no production of A

an accumulation of C and no production of A and B

If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain that is mutant for the gene encoding enzyme A would be able to grow on which of the following media?

minimal medium

minimal medium supplemented with nutrient "A" only

minimal medium supplemented with nutrient "B" only

minimal medium supplemented with nutrient "C" only

minimal medium supplemented with nutrients "A" and "C"

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain mutant for the gene encoding enzyme B would be capable of growing on which of the following media?

minimal medium

minimal medium supplemented with "A" only

minimal medium supplemented with "B" only

minimal medium supplemented with "C" only

minimal medium supplemented with nutrients "A" and "B"

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group?

proteins, triglycerides, and testosterone

proteins, ATP, and DNA

ATP, RNA, and DNA

alpha glucose, ATP, and DNA

proteins, carbohydrates, and ATP

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because

RNA is much more stable than DNA.

RNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material.

only one mRNA molecule can be transcribed from a single gene, lowering the potential rate of gene expression.

tRNA, rRNA and others are not transcribed.

mRNA molecules are subject to mutation but DNA is not.

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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein — Worksheet Questions

Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria occur because

According to Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how many genes are necessary for this pathway? The pathway is A —(enzyme A)→ B —(enzyme B)→ C.

A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?

If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain that is mutant for the gene encoding enzyme A would be able to grow on which of the following media?

If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain mutant for the gene encoding enzyme B would be capable of growing on which of the following media?

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group?

Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating proteins directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because

If proteins were composed of only 12 different kinds of amino acids, what would be the smallest possible codon size in a genetic system with four different nucleotides?

The enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase randomly assembles nucleotides into a polynucleotide polymer. You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is

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