Ancient Greek Philosophers and the Spread of Ideas

Using the painting in Source 1 to answer the question. Which statement best explains the message the artist is trying to show by painting Socrates taking the poison voluntarily?

• Laws should only be followed by rulers

• People can ignore laws they disagree with

• No one is above the law

• Trials should never be held

The man handed the cup to Socrates, who accepted it in the easiest and

gentlest manner, without the least fear in his eyes.

Socrates paused before drinking.

“I pray to the gods,” he said,

“to ease my journey from this to that other world.”

Then, holding the cup to his lips, he cheerfully drank the poison.

Until now, most of us had been able to control our sorrow. But when we saw that

he had emptied the cup, we could no longer control ourselves. My own tears

were flowing so fast that I covered my face and wept.

Only Socrates remained calm.

“Be quiet, and have patience,” he said, “for a man should die in peace.”

Socrates walked about as he had been told, and then he lay on his back. Such

was the end of our friend, a man who was the wisest and most just and best.

Source: Adapted from Plato. Phaedo. In The Dialogues of Plato, translated by

Benjamin Jowett. Vol. 2. London: OxfordUniversity Press, 1892.

According to the passage, how did Socrates behave at the end of his life?

• He remained calm and encouraged others to be patient and peaceful.

• He became angry and blamed his followers for his fate.

• He tried to escape from prison with the help of his friends.

• He refused to speak to anyone and isolated himself.

The man handed the cup to Socrates, who accepted it in the easiest and

gentlest manner, without the least fear in his eyes.

Socrates paused before drinking.

“I pray to the gods,” he said,

“to ease my journey from this to that other world.”

Then, holding the cup to his lips, he cheerfully drank the poison.

Until now, most of us had been able to control our sorrow. But when we saw that

he had emptied the cup, we could no longer control ourselves. My own tears

were flowing so fast that I covered my face and wept.

Only Socrates remained calm.

“Be quiet, and have patience,” he said, “for a man should die in peace.”

Socrates walked about as he had been told, and then he lay on his back. Such

was the end of our friend, a man who was the wisest and most just and best.

Source: Adapted from Plato. Phaedo. In The Dialogues of Plato, translated by

Benjamin Jowett. Vol. 2. London: OxfordUniversity Press, 1892.

According to the passage, how is Socrates described at the end of his life?

• He is described as the wisest, most just, and best man.

• He is described as a wealthy and powerful ruler.

• He is described as a famous poet and artist.

• He is described as a cunning and deceitful politician.

Source 2 Excerpt from

Aristotle's Nicomachean

Ethics

This work is usually thought to refer to

Aristotle’s son Nicomachus. One theory

is that the work was dedicated to him,

and another is that it was edited by him.

However, it is possible that the work was

dedicated to Aristotle’s father, who was

also named Nicomachus.

[Friendship] is a sort of virtue, or at least

implies virtue, and is, moreover, most

necessary to our life. For no one would

care to live without friends, though he

had all other good things.

It is when a man is rich, and has got

power and authority, that he seems most

of all to stand in need of friends; for what

is the use of all this prosperity [wealth] if

he has no opportunity for benevolence

[generosity], which is most frequently and

most commendably [admirably]

displayed towards friends? Or how could

his position be maintained and preserved

without friends? For the greater it is, the

more it is exposed to danger.In poverty and all other misfortunes,

again, we regard our friends as our only

refuge [safe place]. We need friends

when we are young to keep us from error,

when we get old to tend upon us and to

carry out those plans which we have not

strength to execute ourselves, and in the

prime of life to help us in noble deeds

—“two together,

” for thus we are more

efficient both in thought and in action.

According to Aristotle, what is most necessary to our life?

• Friendship is most necessary to our life.

• Wealth is most necessary to our life.

• Power is most necessary to our life.

• Fame is most necessary to our life.

Read the following excerpt from Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics: 'For no one would care to live without friends, though he had all other good things.' According to Aristotle, people would still want to live without friends if they had all other good things.

• True

• False

Source 2 Excerpt from

Aristotle's Nicomachean

Ethics

This work is usually thought to refer to

Aristotle’s son Nicomachus. One theory

is that the work was dedicated to him,

and another is that it was edited by him.

However, it is possible that the work was

dedicated to Aristotle’s father, who was

also named Nicomachus.

[Friendship] is a sort of virtue, or at least

implies virtue, and is, moreover, most

necessary to our life. For no one would

care to live without friends, though he

had all other good things.

It is when a man is rich, and has got

power and authority, that he seems most

of all to stand in need of friends; for what

is the use of all this prosperity [wealth] if

he has no opportunity for benevolence

[generosity], which is most frequently and

most commendably [admirably]

displayed towards friends? Or how could

his position be maintained and preserved

without friends? For the greater it is, the

more it is exposed to danger.In poverty and all other misfortunes,

again, we regard our friends as our only

refuge [safe place]. We need friends

when we are young to keep us from error,

when we get old to tend upon us and to

carry out those plans which we have not

strength to execute ourselves, and in the

prime of life to help us in noble deeds

—“two together,

” for thus we are more

efficient both in thought and in action.

According to Aristotle, when does a man most need friends?

• When he is rich and has power and authority.

• When he is young and inexperienced.

• When he is alone and isolated.

• When he is healthy and content.

Source 2 Excerpt from

Aristotle's Nicomachean

Ethics

This work is usually thought to refer to

Aristotle’s son Nicomachus. One theory

is that the work was dedicated to him,

and another is that it was edited by him.

However, it is possible that the work was

dedicated to Aristotle’s father, who was

also named Nicomachus.

[Friendship] is a sort of virtue, or at least

implies virtue, and is, moreover, most

necessary to our life. For no one would

care to live without friends, though he

had all other good things.

It is when a man is rich, and has got

power and authority, that he seems most

of all to stand in need of friends; for what

is the use of all this prosperity [wealth] if

he has no opportunity for benevolence

[generosity], which is most frequently and

most commendably [admirably]

displayed towards friends? Or how could

his position be maintained and preserved

without friends? For the greater it is, the

more it is exposed to danger.In poverty and all other misfortunes,

again, we regard our friends as our only

refuge [safe place]. We need friends

when we are young to keep us from error,

when we get old to tend upon us and to

carry out those plans which we have not

strength to execute ourselves, and in the

prime of life to help us in noble deeds

—“two together,

” for thus we are more

efficient both in thought and in action.

According to the passage, why do we need friends when we are young?

• To keep us from error.

• To help us with our homework.

• To make us popular.

• To give us gifts.

What is the name of the building shown in the image?

• The Parthenon

• The Colosseum

• The Pantheon

• The Acropolis

What historical event or figure is depicted in the Alexander Mosaic?

• The Alexander Mosaic depicts Alexander the Great in battle, likely the Battle of Issus.

• The Alexander Mosaic depicts Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon.

• The Alexander Mosaic depicts the signing of the Magna Carta.

• The Alexander Mosaic depicts the coronation of Charlemagne.

Ideas can spread through writing and teaching in ancient Greece by:

• sharing knowledge, recording information, and educating others.

• building monuments and temples.

• trading goods and services only.

• fighting wars and conquering lands.