Understanding Mitochondria and Apoptosis

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

• To synthesize proteins

• To produce ATP through metabolic pathways

• To transport nutrients

• To store genetic information

How is apoptosis different from necrosis?

• Apoptosis is a type of cell growth

• Apoptosis is a controlled cell death, while necrosis is uncontrolled

• Apoptosis occurs only in plants

• Apoptosis is uncontrolled, while necrosis is controlled

Which of the following can trigger apoptosis?

• Excessive cell growth

• Increased oxygen levels

• DNA damage

• High protein synthesis

What role do immune cells play in apoptosis?

• They signal infected cells to undergo apoptosis

• They prevent apoptosis

• They repair damaged DNA

• They increase cell proliferation

What are reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

• Stable oxygen molecules

• Oxygen species with an unstable number of electrons

• Proteins that induce cell growth

• Enzymes that repair DNA

How do cells manage oxidative stress caused by ROS?

• By increasing protein synthesis

• By using enzymes and antioxidants

• By storing ROS in vacuoles

• By reducing ATP production

What is the function of the BCL2 family of proteins?

• To repair DNA

• To synthesize ATP

• To transport nutrients

• To regulate the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane

What happens when cytochrome c is released into the cytoplasm?

• It increases ATP production

• It causes cell growth

• It activates caspases

• It initiates DNA replication

What is the role of caspases in apoptosis?

• To repair cell membranes

• To synthesize proteins

• To transport electrons

• To break down proteins and DNA

How are the degraded polymers from apoptosis utilized?

• They are expelled from the body

• They are used to form new cells

• They are recycled by surrounding cells

• They are stored in the mitochondria