The new interest in the classical past led to an important value in Renaissance culture, called:

A man who excelled in many fields was praised as a:

_____________ most famous works were The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa

Who painted his murals at the Sistine Chapel?

Native Language:

_________________ believed rulers should do what was politically effective, even if it was not morally right.

When the Northern Renaissance began, Italy was governed by _________

________________ was a german painter, who was famous for his portraits, which were photographic in detail.

Many writers gave their writings a more religious slant: were known as ______

Who wrote Utopia?

Utopia means?

Who funded the literature works of William Shakespeare?

Who invented the printing press?

A pardon releasing sinners from performing (penalty) prayers that priests impose for sins

Who wrote "95 Theses"?

Who issued a decree threatening to excommunicate Luther if he didn't take back his statements?

Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony secretly sheltered Luther in his castle. While there, Luther translated the bible in __________

Luther and followers became a separate religious group and called themselves:

Charles V and German princes met in Augsberg and agreed that religion of each German state could be determined by its own ruler

Henry Vlll wanted a divorce from his wife because:

The most important vehicle for the spread of Renaissance ideas was

In 1533, Henry secretly marries _______, who was just in her 20's.

Who gave Henry a son?

She is known as the "virgin queen" because she never married.

Who won the Spanish Armada?

What is a protestant?

Created a system of Protestant theology;

Believed ideal government was a theocracy (a government controlled by religious leaders)

Followers of Knox

On one occasion, mobs of Catholics began hunting for protestants and brutally murdered them after a catholic feast known as

Baptized only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian:

Helping Catholics stay loyal was a movement within the church called the

Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines; some including:
-church's interpretation of the bible is final, anyone interpreting different was a heretic
-indulgences valid expressions of faith

Wrote book called Spiritual Exercises, laying out a day to day plan of prayer, study and meditation

Islamic warriors; similar to knights

Great; Ruled India with wisdom and tolerance from 1556 to 1605

Overlord or One with power

Burned the powerful city of Baghdad to the ground

Helped create a Safavid culture and golden age that drew from the best of the Ottoman, Persian, and Arab worlds.

Trained to be loyal to the Ottoman Sultan only

Ottoman policy of drafting boys from conquered Christian territories, educating them, converting them ti Islam, and training them as soldiers.

Muslim Turks and Afghans who invaded India and built an empire there between the 100s and the 1700s

12 year old who seized most of what is now Iran; established Shi'a Islam as the state religion

Followers of Osman

Known as Suleyman the Magnificent

A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia between the 16th and 18th centuries

Persian title meaning king

Built the Taj Mahal as memorial for his wife.

Why was family killing very common during this time?

Cultural change is brought about by:

Who inherited the kingdoms of Uzbekistan and Takikistan at the age of 11 and swept down into India and laid the foundations for the Mughal Empire

Believed a king must always be aggressive so that his neighbors will not try to conquer him

Achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history

A nonviolent religious group whose doctrines contained elements similar to Hinduism and Sufism:

Portuguese explorer who became the first European mariner to reach the southern tip of Africa, in 1488, opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia.

Portuguese prince who patronized the earliest European attempts at naval exploration by founding a school of navigation where men were taught the many skills necessary to sail unknown areas of the ocean. He sponsored voyages along the western coast of Africa and paved the way for the Age of Exploration.

Portuguese nobleman who sailed from Lisbon in July 1497 on a mission to reach India. The expedition traveled down the western coast of Africa and rounded the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of the continent before finally reaching the trading post of Calicut, India, in May 1498. His journey by ship from Europe to Asia was the first recorded route of its kind

The desire for new sources of ___ was the main reason for European exploration.

Advances in _____ made the voyages of discovery possible.

In the 1400's, shipbuilders designed a new vessel. It was sturdier than earlier vessels. It had triangular sails that were adopted from the Arabs which allowed it to sail effectively against the wind.

To better determine their location at sea, sailors used this: The Muslims had perfected it. This tool was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees. Using the rings to sight stars, a sea captain could calculate latitude.

The leader in developing and applying sailing innovations was what?

In 1419, Henry founded this on the southwestern coast of Portugal. Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains gathered there to perfect their trade.

In 1492, an Italian sea captain had convinced Spain to finance a bold plan: finding a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. In October, he had reached an island in the Caribbean. His voyage would open the way for European colonization of the Americas.

China had become the dominant power in Asia under this dynasty. The rulers were not going to allow outsiders from distant lands to threaten the peace and prosperity that they had brought to China when they ended Mongol rule.

Northeast of the Great Wall lay____. In 1644, their people invaded China and the Ming dynasty collapsed.

Created by the Manchus (people from Manchuria). This dynasty ruled for more than 260 years and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet.

The Italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of America as a new world. America is named after him

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain.

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

A person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)

System in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor (slavery) in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

First permanent colony for the British, original settlers suffered from disease, economy stabled after tobacco was cultivated; this colony was burnt to the ground twice.

1620, this group founded a second English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts. Persecuted from their religious beliefs in England, these colonist sought religious freedom.

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settle Massachusetts Bay.

War fought between France and England in the 1750's over territorial claims in North America. The war became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years' War.

The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800's Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following  Columbus's voyages.

An economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the mans of production and operate for profit.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Condition resulting from selling more goods than are bought.

The main motive for European exploration in the 1400's was

The first European power to establish a trade presence in Asia was

The Ming Dynasty allowed only the government to conduct foreign trade in order to

Native Americans did not become the main labor force in the colonies because

Compared to the French, English relations with the Native Americans were

Unlike slavery in the Americas, slavery in Africa was

Triangular trade refers to 

The spread of corn and potatoes beyond the Americas

Who was Metacom

Involved a number of people combining their wealth for a common purpose

Commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368

Earth Centered View of the Universe

New way of thinking about the Natural World

Sun Centered theory

Italian scientist; built his own telescope to study he heavens in 1609

Logical procedure for gethering and testing ideas

English scientist; great discovery was that stressed reason and thought oand the power of individuals to solve problems

A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individulas to solve problems

People hand over their rights to a strong ruler and in return they gained law and order

Believe people are born free and equal, with three natural rights-life, liberty, and property

Believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life; Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty.

Devoted himself to the study of political liberty. Believed that Britain was the best governed and most politically balanced country of his own day.

Grand, ornate design

Social gatherings or events where philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other great intelelects met to disucss ideas

Rulers who embraced the new ideas of ruling justly. Ruler who respected the rights of the people.

Which one of these is a natural right of which people are born, according  to John Locke?

Fought over conflicting territorial claims between the French and Brisitsh settlers in the Ohio River Valley

Who won the French and Indian war?

Required colonists to pay a tax on printed documents, various licenses, and other goods.

Because the French and Indian War proved to be extremely expensive, Parliament enacted this in order to impose new duties (taxes) on American commodities such as sugar, molasses, textiles, coffee, and indigo. Unlike previous taxes , this was enforced and accused smugglers were prosecuted. 

Required Americans to provide housing and provisions to British soldiers

Authorized Parliament to issue taxes on in-demand imports such as glass, lead, paint, paper and tea.

Angry Bostonians known as the "Sons of Liberty" boarded a British tea vessel dressed as Indians and dumped all of its tea into the Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea Tax.

The Boston Harbor Bill; The administration of Justice Ac; Massachusetts Government Act; Quartering Act; Quebec Act. These were all known as the:

The intolerable Acts resulted in the formation of the ______ . It was formed for the purposes of drawing consensus (agreement) within the colonies for action against the growing threat of British occupation.

One of the most influential pamphlets in American history galvanized (spurred/incite/fired up) the American public to support the Revolution and condemn the monarchy in England.

Outlined the terms of the British surrender in 1783. Its ratification (acceptance) officially ended the revolution, making America a free country

America's 1st attempt at organized government was the ill-conceived

Who was the ruler during the French Revolution?

City Dwelling Middle Class, many educated, but treated like peasants

Who did Louis XVl marry?

What is the Bastille?

Beheading machine

Maximilien Robespierre ruled France for 1 year as a dictator; the time was known as

An ssembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France

A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to laws and reforms in the name of the French people

Right to vote

19th century Britain, members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including the suffrage for all men

The republic that was established in France after the downfall or Napoleon lll and ended with the German occupation of France during WWll

Controversy in France, 1890's centering on the trial of an imprisonment of as Jewish army officer, Captain Alfred Dreytfu, who had been falsely accused on selling military secrets to Germany; antisemitism played a role in this scandal

Prejudice against Jews

A movement founded in the 1890's to promote the establisghment for a Jewish homeland in Palestine due to a logn history of exile and persecution; leader= Theodor Herzl; took many years before the state of Israel was established

Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

1800's, a Zulu Chief- used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large state in southern Africa

Dutch settlers (colonists) in South Africa; "farmer" in Dutch; Dutch were the 1st Europeans to setle South Africa, 1652 Cape of Good Hope; aslo known as Afrikaners

Began after rumors spread among Indian soldiers that the cartridges of their rifles were sealed w/beef and pork fat.

Part of India that was under direct British rule; also refers to the period of British rule over India