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AP Psych - Unit 0 - Research Methods and Approaches

Total questions: 44

Worksheet time: 22mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to
a)
exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.
b)
reject any ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.
c)
dismiss the value of replication.
d)
overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.
2.
According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates
a)
an illusion of control.
b)
random sampling.
c)
illusory correlation.
d)
the hindsight bias.
3.
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
a)
naturalistic observation.
b)
illusory correlation.
c)
overconfidence.
d)
the standard deviation.
4.
Basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence describes which of the following?
a)
hindsight bias
b)
confirmation bias
c)
empirical approach
d)
overconfidence
5.
Hypotheses are best described as
a)
confirmations
b)
replications
c)
assumptions
d)
predictions
6.
A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)
a)
standard deviation
b)
control condition
c)
replication
d)
operational definition
7.
Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?
a)
replication
b)
naturalistic observation
c)
the double-blind procedure
d)
random sampling
8.

Gerald does a study that involves collecting absence data from a school, and seeks to find out the relationship between this data and students grades. This is best described as a

a)

correlational study

b)
case study
c)

experiment

d)

naturalistic observation

9.
In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which research method is being used?
a)
experimentation
b)
case study
c)
survey
d)
correlation
10.
Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?
a)
survey
b)
naturalistic observation
c)
case study
d)
experiment
11.
Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations?
a)
the case study
b)
random sampling
c)
operational definitions
d)
standard deviations.
12.
Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as
a)
naturalistic observation
b)
experimentation
c)
case study
d)
random sampling
13.
A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
a)
average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.
b)
statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.
c)
direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
d)
difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
14.
To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a
a)
pie chart
b)
bar graph
c)
scatterplot
d)
skewed distribution
15.
A moderate positive correlation has been found between a person's weight and hours of television watched per week. Which of the following scatterplots best shows this relationship?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
16.
Which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation?
a)
a scatterplot indicating the likelihood that a variable will or will not change
b)
a predication about the relationship between two variables
c)
a perceived but nonexistent correlation
d)
any independent variable that does not truly cause a dependent variable
17.
A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called a(n)
a)
correlational method
b)
case study
c)
survey
d)
experiment
18.
Researchers are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlational study be more appropriate than an experiment?
a)
because cause and effect can only be determined by a correlational study
b)
because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition
c)
because correlational studies permit researchers to estimate the reported behaviors of a whole population
d)
because researchers using correlational studies may generalize to the population from an atypical case
19.
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
a)
random sampling
b)
double blind procedure
c)
replication
d)
hindsight bias
20.
Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.
a)
surveys; experiments
b)
illusory correlation; control group
c)
description; prediction
d)
replication; correlation
21.
Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?
a)
The experimental treatment is absent.
b)
The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
c)
The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.
d)
The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.
22.
Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is
a)
8
b)
6
c)
6.5
d)
7
23.
Why would the median, rather than the mean, be the appropriate measure of central tendency in determining housing values in a particular community?
a)
The median is useful for measuring how much values deviate from one another.
b)
The median is minimally affected by extreme scores.
c)
The median is best used to sort values into groups.
d)
The median allows you to examine the gap between the lowest and highest value.
24.
Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the
a)
students generally performed very well on the test.
b)
students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.
c)
test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.
d)
mean test score was lower than the median score.
25.
A researcher who gathers and analyzes data from student essay test responses without talking with the students about the study violates which ethical principle of human experimentation?
a)
confidentiality
b)
informed consent
c)

the debriefing

d)
protection from harm
26.
If a result is statistically significant, this means that the
a)
results of the test are positively correlated with another factor.
b)
scores were 1 standard deviation from the mean.
c)
results of the research have practical significance.
d)
psychologist accepts a 5 percent likelihood that the results occurred by chance.
27.
A researcher who publishes the results of a case study might be most worried about violating which ethical principle of human experimentation?
a)
informed consent
b)
protection from harm
c)
confidentiality
d)
coercion
28.

Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of

a)


genetic predispositions.

b)

unconscious thoughts.

c)

healthy growth potential.

d)

punishment and reinforcement.

29.

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

a)

psychodynamic

b)

behavioral

c)

biological

d)

evolutionary

30.

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

a)


people try to understand their own unconscious motives.

b)

feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.

c)

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

d)

how behaviors and thinking vary across cultures.

31.

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

a)


social-cultural

b)


cognitive

c)


behavioral

d)


evolutionary

32.

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on

a)


natural selection.

b)


unconscious conflicts.

c)


learned 

d)


introspection.

33.

Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

evolutionary

d)

socio-cultural

34.

This is an example of a

a)

Positive skew

b)

Negative skew

c)

Positive Correlation

d)

Negative Correlation

35.

Repeating a research study, using different participants to see if findings extended to other people and situations is known as what

a)

Random assignment

b)

Operational definition

c)

Replication

d)

Control group

36.

Which of the following is the strongest correlation?

a)

0.54

b)

0.88

c)

-0.12

d)

-0.94

37.
Given a normal distribution of scores, ___% of scores fall within 1 standard deviation, __% fall within 2, and %___ fall within 3.
a)
25, 50, 75
b)
68, 95, 99
c)
34, 68, 99
d)
13.5, 34, 68
38.

Consider a normal curve with a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 5. what percent of scores are between 70 and 85?

a)

68

b)

95

c)

82

d)

84

39.

Consider a normal curve with a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 5. what percent of scores are between 60 and 75?

a)

38%

b)

50%

c)

48%

d)

42%

40.

Bias from people's responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes

a)

wording effect

b)

confirmation bias

c)

social desirability bias

d)

sampling bias

41.

What is the mode of the following data set?

3, 5, 1, 6, 5, 8, 2

a)

3

b)

6

c)

5

d)

1

42.

In a study of how much water an average marathon runner would drink along the route, it was found that the results had a p-value of .035. What does that mean?

a)

The results are not significant and the null hypothesis should be accepted

b)

The results are significant and the null hypothesis should be rejected.

c)

The results tell us that the standard deviation is 15 from the mean

43.

In a randomly assigned experiment, the control group is given a placebo, the experimental group is given a multivitamin that is supposed to improve memory. The subjects will take their pill/vitamin, and then take a memory test. What is the Independent variable?

a)

pill taken

b)

memory test

c)

memory ability

d)

placebo group

44.

In a randomly assigned experiment, the control group is given a placebo, the experimental group is given a multivitamin that is supposed to improve memory. The subjects will take their pill/vitamin, and then take a memory test. What is the operational definition of the dependent variable?

a)

the pill taken

b)

memory test score

c)

memory ability

d)

the specific amount of multivitamin taken

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