Basic building block molecules that form the polymers of biomolecules.

Also called simple organic molecules.

Long chains of monomers that make up biomolecules.

Also called complex organic molecules.

Short term energy and structure in plants.

Long term energy storage,

help form cell membranes, and provide parts of other biomolecules like hormones.

The monomers and building blocks of proteins.

To form the building blocks of structure like hair, muscle, skin, nails, bones, as well as enzymes and hormones to regulate life processes.

Biomolecules containing the genetic code for heredity.

Consists of a phosphate, a sugar molecule, and a Nitrogen base and includes Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

(C-H-O-N-P).

Proteins that act as biological catalysts by speeding up chemical reactions so life processes can function.

They are not consumed in the chemical reactions.

Molecules that enzymes break apart or put together (reactants).

To bend a protein so it no longer functions.

Bacteria cell, more “simple” and smaller than other cells,

with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, but still containing DNA.

Animal, Plant, Fungi, or Protista cell,

with a definite nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

A green organelle found in autotrophs (mostly plants and algae) that converts light energy into chemical energy (photosynthesis).

An organelle that is the site of cellular respiration.

The powerhouse of the cell:

most cellular energy (ATP) is produced here. Found in the cells of

autotrophs and heterotrophs.

A large organelle

in eukaryotic cells where genetic material (DNA)

is stored and replicated.

It is surrounded by the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope.

Molecular movement through the cell membrane against

the concentration gradient using ATP.

Active Transport of molecules (often waste products)

out of a cell using ATP.

Concentrations inside and outside the cell are relatively equal with no concentration gradient.

Lower concentration of solute (usually salt or sugar) outside a cell than inside a cell so that water moves into the cell causing it to swell or explode.

Higher concentration of solute (usually salt or sugar) outside a cell than inside a cell so that water moves out of the cell causing it to implode or be crushed.

The life cycle of a Eukaryotic cell as it grows, replicates its DNA and divides to become two daughter cells.

It is called binary fission in single-celled organisms.

DNA is replicated: each of the chromosomes replicates itself.

Uncontrolled, accelerated cell cycle caused by DNA replication mistakes.

The phases of actual cell division remembered

by PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

The twisted ladder shape of a DNA molecule.

There are 4 possible Nitrogenous Bases in a DNA nucleotide: Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine and Thymine.

In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine A-T (Like Apples-Trees), while Cytosine always pairs with Guanine C-G (Like Cars-Garage).

The production of sperm or egg with half the normal number of chromosomes compared to normal body cells.

A sex cell produced in meiosis (sperm or egg) that has half the normal number of chromosomes:

23 chromosomes in humans.

Having half the normal number of chromosomes and only one of each set due to meiosis. Example: Gametes, symbolized by the letter n.

A photograph or diagram of the homologous pairs of chromosomes.

A feature regulated by a set of genes (allele) passed on

from parents to offspring. Also called inherited traits.

The instruction of one allele covers up the instruction

of the other allele in a homologous pair. Symbolized by a capital letter.

The letter symbols for both homologous alleles.

BB Bb bb AA Aa aa

A genotype where only dominant alleles were passed on

from both parents for one trait

BB AA TT LL

A genotype where only recessive alleles

were passed on from both parents for one trait

bb aa tt ll

A genotype where one dominant and one recessive allele was passed on from both parents for one trait.

Bb Aa Tt Ll

The genetic cross between two parents for one trait:

Example BB x bb

B = dominant for brown

b = recessive for blue

A single strand of nucleotides made by DNA that is used to communicate genetic code outside the nucleus.

Messenger RNA travels out of the nucleus to ribosomes

and is used as a template to assemble a protein.

A small section of RNA that transports amino acids

to the ribosome for synthesis into proteins.

A ←→ U

C ←→ G

T → A

Units of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA which code for a single

amino acid.

A change in a gene, group of genes or chromosome that results in a change in the proteins

A frameshift mutation where a nucleotide base

is removed from the DNA sequence.

Mutations that involve parts of or all of

a chromosome

Condition caused by nondisjunction at pair 21 during meiosis.

Individuals have an extra chromosome

at pair 21, or a total of 47 chromosomes.

Also called Trisomy 21.

The idea that similar anatomy implies common ancestry

The idea that similar DNA or Amino Acid Sequences indicate common evolutionary ancestry

According to evolutionary theory, all living things have a common

According to evolutionary theory, similar DNA would mean a common

A physical trait favored by an environmental change can be called an

Over the years, white mice became extinct and darker mice survived. This is

Natural Selection is driven by a change in the environment and survival of the

Two populations of the same species are separated by land barriers like rivers or mountains.

All the possible gene combinations in a population.

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular organism that have no cell walls

Eukaryotic, autotrophic, multicellular organisms with cell walls

Eukaryotic, autotrophic and heterotrophic, unicellular and multicellular organisms like protozoans and algae

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular organisms like mushrooms and yeast

A biological agent that consists of nucleic acid and a protein coat. It is not a cell, nor is it considered alive

The cycle where a virus genome penetrates a cell, takes control of cellular processes and replicates new virus genomes while destroying the cell.

A series of antibodies (proteins) and white blood cells that chemically “remember” pathogens and stop them from infecting an organism a second time

The cell invaded by the virus

The part of the plant

that is generally

under the ground

and in the soil

The part of the plant

that is generally above the ground including stems, leaves, buds and reproductive structures

Vascular tissue (tubes) responsible for the transportation of water and minerals up from the roots and around the plant.

Vascular tissue (tubes) responsible for the transportation of glucose down and around in a plant.

The process of water movement in plants

due to evaporation out the stomata

and absorption of water through the root hairs

Pores under leaves

that allow for transpiration

and gas exchange

The system that circulates blood and lymph

throughout the body.

It includes the heart, arteries,

capillaries and veins.

Often called the Cardiovascular System.

The system containing the hair, skin, nails and exocrine glands.

It acts as a barrier against disease, as a temperature regulation system and as a waterproofing system to prevent dehydration.

The system responsible to maintain much of the body’s homeostasis by regulating water and nutrient concentrations

in the blood and in the cells.

The system responsible for internal defense against pathogens and other threats like cancer cells.

Organs and tissues include bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, liver, tonsils,

and products include white blood cells,

antibodies and antigens.

All energy in an ecosystem comes from the sun. This energy is passed through the ecosystem as organisms eat other organsims.

Organisms that produce their own food mostly through photosynthesis (producers). Examples are plants and algae.

Organisms that get their energy and nutrition from other organisms (consumers).

Autotrophs--The bottom trophic level where all organisms produce their own food, usually by photosynthesis.

Herbivores--The second trophic level where herbivores eat the primary producers.

Only 10% of the energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next. 90% is lost as heat due to cellular respiration or waste.

Atom → molecule → organelle → cell→ tissue → organ

system → organism→ population → community→ ecosystem → biosphere

Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Example: all humans are the same species with the scientific name Homo sapiens

A symbiotic relationship where one species obtains food or benefits from another species without benefitting or harming the other.

A symbiotic relationship that benefits both members of two different species.

A symbiotic relationship where one organism (the parasite) benefits from and hurts another (the host).

Usually the parasite is getting food from the hosts body.

The first organisms to reappear after an ecosystem is damaged.

The progression of life in an area that starts with bare rock or sand but no soil. Example: a volcanic island.

The progression of life in an area that starts with soil.

Example: after a forest fire.

The measurement of the variety of organisms (number of different species) in an ecosystem.

The variety of life in an ecosystem.

The population limit in an ecosystem due to limited resources or predators.

Organisms who are members of the same species in an ecosystem.

A biological community that includes various species and their physical environment (Biotic and Abiotic Factors).