an approach to knowledge based on scientific method and the observation and analysis of empirical data

an approach to knowledge based on scientific method and the observation and analysis of empirical data

an approach to social science borrowed from economics, that assumes individual are rational actors who make decisions intended to maximize their interests on the basis of cost – benefit calculations

an approach to social science borrowed from economics, that assumes individual are rational actors who make decisions intended to maximize their interests on the basis of cost – benefit calculations

the struggle for power that characterizes international relations as rooted in the structure of the international system, especially the condition of anarchy

the absence of an effective world government capable of enforcing rules and norms of behavior

condition of supreme, independent political authority answerable to no higher authority. In international relations theory, and especially among realists, states are often regarded as sovereign

state objectives and needs that transcend the particular interests of individuals and groups that reside within a state and that drive state behavior in the international system

state objectives and needs that transcend the particular interests of individuals and groups that reside within a state and that drive state behavior in the international system

the notion that what one state does for purely defensive purposes might appear to other states as threatening to their security and interests

when states act in ways that, on average, maintain a systemwide equilibrium. If this is the case,, the chances of war, though never eliminated, are minimized.

Power trumps justice. In his classic account of the Peloponnesian Wars fought between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta in 431–404 bce, Thucydides recounts the famous Melian dialogue between representatives of powerful Athens and the largely powerless little island of Melos. The situation was that Melos, once a dependency of Sparta, saw an opportunity for independence, as Sparta had lost interest in Melos. But the Athenians sought to take the island as their own. In the excerpts from the dialogue below, the Melians appeal to the justice of their position and the honor found in seeking to protect their independence. The Athenians, in contrast, consider justice and honor irrelevant in a world where power prevails

paradigm that suggests global cooperation is possible and that challenges the realist assumption that the competitive, power-oriented, violent character of world politics is inevitable. (States remain key actors in world politics and that absence of a world government means the anarchy

German philosopher who In his 1795 essay To Perpetual Peace, Kant argued that, “The state of peace among men living side by side is not the natural state (status naturalis); the natural state is one of war. This does not always mean open hostilities, but at least an unceasing threat of war.

subtype of the liberal paradigm – suggests that international institutions such as law, regimes, and international organizations migrate anarchy and facilitate international cooperation.

subtype of the liberal paradigm – suggests that commerce among states leads to a mutual economic interdependence that raises the cost and reduces the likelihood of wars

subtype of the liberal paradigm – suggests that domestic regime type has an impact on a state’s foreign behavior. In particular, it is associated with the theory of democratic peace.

idea that democracies tend not to fight wars against one another and that the spread of democratic government can be the antidote to war in the international system

idea that international institutions, economic interdependence, and the diffusion of democratic government are mutually reinforcing and together support liberal notions of a trend toward peace and cooperation among states.

paradigm emphasizing the role that human agency, norms, and identities play in constructing the character of international relations

mixes of individuals and organizations with transnational representation who interact, exchange information, and share and promote common values.

paradigm that suggests the inclusion of more women in positions of authority could change the way world politics is conducted, and traditional scholarship, especially realism, reflects a gendered perspective on the conduct of international relations.

the realist notion that conflict is inherent in world politics, but sees that conflict as driven more by the economic interest of socioeconomic classes that by the geopolitical interests of sovereign states

claimed authority over all of Christian Europe. While its name conjured the memory of the Roman Empire that dominated Europe through the fifth-century CE, in fact, it was a much less powerful and less centralized political unit. Its geographic reach through much of its history was confined to the territory of contemporary Central Europe

prompted the creation of the Westphalian system, and as the Napoleonic Wars led to the establishment of the Concert of Europe, World War I led to an effort to create a new system for establishing order and stability.

was prompted by the Thirty Years’ War and led to the establishment of the Concert of Europe, World War I led to an effort to create a new system for establishing order and stability.

the idea that people care about their national identity and are motivated to seek national self-determination by acquiring a state of their own

idea that leaders simultaneously negotiate with other states and with key domestic actors in the conduct of international relations

series of meetings and conferences, and the rules they generated, that took place among the great powers of Europe from 1815 to 1948 and were intended to produce stability and order

approach to order in which a global coalition of states agrees to act collectively to repel aggression against any other state in the international system. Also used to apply to regional alliances such as NATO that adopt a collective security approach among their membership. (the law breaker who violates the rights of another finds the combined force of society against them)

established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to promote international cooperation, peace, and security by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among governments - by failing to prevent the outbreak of WWII so quickly on the heels of WWI, the league failed in its most important purpose - to preserve peace

established in 1919 promote international cooperation, peace, and security by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among

(Munich Analogy) - making concessions in order to avoid war

period of crisis and tension between US and the USSR that began shortly after WWII; it ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the disintegration of USSR in 1991

an international system in which only 2 major powers are capable of seriously threatening the security and sovereignty of one another

approach to international order in which key parts of the world would be designated as under the influence of one or the other of the great powers (no shifting alliances to preserve balance)

2 week period of extreme tension precipitated by the US discovery of offensive Soviet Union nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba in 1962

the relaxation of Cold War tensions that took place between the US and USSR in the 1970s

discussions and agreements signed between the US and USSR in the 1970s intended to limit the expension of offensive nuclear weapons

policies of economic restructuring in the USSR initiated by Gorbachev in the mid 1980s to introduce elements of market economy into the communist system.

policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the mid 80s. It allowed for relaxation of state censorship of the media and increased access to information.

an idea that states and their fortunes are inextricably tied together

organization with an international membership, scope, or presence

these are the same as Intergovernmental organizations but, they are international in scope and has outposts around the world to deal with specific issues in many countries.

was a response that emphasized a scientific approach using data collection, quantification, advanced modeling

borrowed economic models of rational economic individual behavior used to make decisions that maximize interest on the basis of cost-benefit analysis

A broad framework and set of assumptions used to examine, simplify, and explain reality

A way of thinking about and approaching an area of scholarly inquiry that is widely accepted (or dominant) within a particular discipline

Analysis of a set of facts in their relation to one another / Plausible principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena

a school of thought that believes that world politics ultimately is always and necessarily a field of conflict among actors pursuing power

a theory of international relations that says power is the most important factor in international relations.

a theory of international relations established in the post-World War II era that seeks to explain international politics as a result of human nature

is defined as the absence of some overarching power in the international system

having the ultimate political authority over a population and territory

pursue rational, calculated policies determined to achieve particular ends

defined in terms of physical security, integrity, and economic prosperity

Pursuit of Security will cause other states to become insecure

theory that suggests that national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.

in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system

in international politics describes a distribution of power in which more than two nation-states have nearly equal amounts of military, cultural, and economic influence.

paradigm that suggests global cooperation is possible and that challenges the realist assumption that the competitive, power-oriented, violent character of world politics is inevitable. (States remain key actors in world politics and that absence of a world government means the anarchy

subtype of the liberal paradigm – suggests that international institutions such as law, regimes, and international organizations migrate anarchy and facilitate international cooperation.

subtype of the liberal paradigm – suggests that commerce among states leads to a mutual economic interdependence that raises the cost and reduces the likelihood of wars

subtype of the liberal paradigm – suggests that domestic regime type has an impact on a state’s foreign behavior. In particular, it is associated with the theory of democratic peace.

- the offer that the city of Athens gave to the city of melos that was, to become part of Athens of else.

idea that democracies tend not to fight wars against one another and that the spread of democratic government can be the antidote to war in the international system

idea that international institutions, economic interdependence, and the diffusion of democratic government are mutually reinforcing and together support liberal notions of a trend toward peace and cooperation among states.

mixes of individuals and organizations with transnational representation who interact, exchange information, and share and promote common values.

A pattern that is regarded as typical of something

the realist notion that conflict is inherent in world politics, but sees that conflict as driven more by the economic interest of socioeconomic classes that by the geopolitical interests of sovereign states

Territory with defined borders, Population, Sovereignty

a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories.

an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Political authority exerted by the Catholic Church in Europe from 800 onward

Reduction of Church Power, brought up the concept of Popular Sovereignty, lead to the Growth of Nationalism,

fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. Lead to multipolarity and the rise of modern states.

ended the 30 year war.

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

States are in negotiation with other states, yet States’ preferences are produced by leaders who must also negotiate with domestic interests

series of wars between Napoleonic France and shifting alliances of other European powers that produced a brief French hegemony over most of Europe

a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

series of meetings and conferences, and the rules they generated, that took place among the great powers of Europe from 1815 to 1948 and were intended to produce stability and order

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Which of the following was NOT a cause of WWI

· Failure of US to Ratify Treaty

· Japanese Invasion of Manchuria (1931), China (1935)

· Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (1935)

· Haile Selassie speech to League

· Withdrawal of Axis Powers from League

Failures of the League of

Nations Colonial, Economic, and

Territorial Confrontation Italian invasion of

Ethiopia Japanese annexation of

Manchuria

Role of Great Powers was weak (esp. US)

Collapse and malfunction of balance of power and concert system in Europe

INCREASE economic stability

colonial, economic, and territorial confrontations

rise of nationalism in Europe and nonEurpoean powers - Japan and US

(officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion (approximately $130 billion in current dollar value as of August 2015) in economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II

Us plan of containing communism to only the countries that converted. Was done to stop the spread of communism

when two powers become much larger that all of the others

arming yourself with nuclear technology to avoid being invaded/ taken over.

the fact that in nuclear wars their will be tremendous guarented destruction to both sides

was the breaking of political relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), caused by doctrinal divergences arising from each's different interpretation of Marxism–Leninism as influenced by the national interests of each country during the Cold War.

the public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975.

power is distributed to one superpower

the study of relationships among countries, the roles of sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGO), international non-governmental organizations (INGO), non-governmental organizations (NGO), and multinational corporations (MNC).

the global trend that has seen more than 60 countries throughout Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa undergo some form of democratic transitions since Portugal's " Carnation Revolution " in 1974.

the premier international forum for international economic cooperation and decision-making, bringing together 20 of the world’s largest economies

war between belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly, or whose strategy or tactics differ significantly

military power or aggression

other recourses that a country can use to impact other countries

The election of Barack Obama was viewed by some as a potential boost in soft power and American global image recovered a bit from the beating it took in the early 2000s - it was rooted in several factors: 1. he was replacing George W. Bush who was very unpopular around the world and 2. Obama seemed poised to reverse some of the policies that had made Bush unpopular including promising an end to the war in Iraq and closing the detention center in Guantanamo Bay were terrorist suspects were allegedly tortured 3. status as first African American US President

Power trumps justice. In his classic account of the Peloponnesian Wars fought between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta in 431–404 bce, Thucydides recounts the famous Melian dialogue between representatives of powerful Athens and the largely powerless little island of Melos. The situation was that Melos, once a dependency of Sparta, saw an opportunity for independence, as Sparta had lost interest in Melos. But the Athenians sought to take the island as their own. In the excerpts from the dialogue below, the Melians appeal to the justice of their position and the honor found in seeking to protect their independence. The Athenians, in contrast, consider justice and honor irrelevant in a world where power prevails

state objectives and needs that transcend the particular interests of individuals and groups that reside within a state and that drive state behavior in the international system

– it is a security dilemma that is applied to international relations. It is based on a prisoner’s scenario where there are 2 suspects that are both guilty but there is not proof of their guilt.

the notion that what one state does for purely defensive purposes might appear to other states as threatening to their security and interests

when states act in ways that, on average, maintain a systemwide equilibrium. If this is the case,, the chances of war, though never eliminated, are minimized.

idea that democracies tend not to fight wars against one another and that the spread of democratic government can be the antidote to war in the international system

idea that international institutions, economic interdependence, and the diffusion of democratic government are mutually reinforcing and together support liberal notions of a trend toward peace and cooperation among states.

paradigm emphasizing the role that human agency, norms, and identities play in constructing the character of international relations

mixes of individuals and organizations with transnational representation who interact, exchange information, and share and promote common values.

paradigm that suggests the inclusion of more women in positions of authority could change the way world politics is conducted, and traditional scholarship, especially realism, reflects a gendered perspective on the conduct of international relations.

the realist notion that conflict is inherent in world politics, but sees that conflict as driven more by the economic interest of socioeconomic classes that by the geopolitical interests of sovereign states

impact of other influential people or companies. (ex. Steve Jobs, Walmart)

One method for studying international relations utilizes three levels of analysis, all of which are designed to give us a specific view of how world events come about. The three levels, as defined by Kenneth Waltz (Genest, 1996) , are the system level, state level, and individual level.

writer of Perpetual Peace, believe that world piece was possible through cooperation

The Fog of War - Eleven Lessons from the Life of ---------------is a 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense----------------illustrating his observations of the nature of modern warfare.

Three Images of IR

Three Images of IR

In Kenneth Waltz, Three Images of IR- What is the First Image

In Kenneth Waltz, Three Images of IR- What is the Second Image

In Kenneth Waltz, Three Images of IR- What is the Third Image

• Systemic-Global-International
• State-National-Societal
• Individual

refers to a politics-based theory of international relations and was found in the 20th century. It focuses on the interactions of a country or its government on the international scene that can be used to analyze the pressure one nation exercises on the other TEXTBOOK - view that international relations are shaped exclusively by the structure of the international system and the external system, and the external interaction of states within that system. Domestic variables are largely irrelevant (pg 80)

• Policymakers begin with a shared National Interest
• Policymaking is a Rational process that chooses from multiple options and alternatives and ultimately chooses the most effective and efficient option to suit the National Interest
• Once chosen, the policy will be supported by all of the agents of the state and implemented uniformly (Unitary Actor)

interests that transcend ‘special’ group or individual interests

treats states as a single entity that tries to maximize national interest, broadly defined a states that have a set of core national interests that transcend the special interests associated with the individuals and groups they govern – TEXTBOOK - At the most general level, those core state interests include a minimum, 1. the security and survival of the country in the face of potential threats of foreign aggression and 2. the promotion of the country’s general level of prosperity and economic well-being. (pg 10)

has been used to explain why actors in international relations behave the way they do. The theory generally argues that individuals pursue their preferences in a self-interested and rational matter. TEXTBOOK- an approach to social science, borrowed from economics, that assumes individuals are rational actors who make decisions intended to maximize their interests on the basis of cost-benefit (4)

The primary determinant of state decision-making is in their internal and domestic political systems

a term in international relations theory that describes the penalty a leader incurs from his or her constituency if they escalate a foreign policy crisis and are then seen as backing down TEXTBOOK- in a democracy it is the cost to a leader’s domestic credibility and political standing that results when one backs down after staking out a position in an international crisis (pg 86)

a "loose coalition of individuals and organizations who actively work to steer U.S. foreign policy in a pro-Israel direction". The book "focuses primarily on the lobby's influence on U.S. foreign policy and its negative effect on American interests"

is a concept used in political science and international relations to explain increased short-run popular support of the President of the United States during periods of international crisis or war.

- Policymaking is a competitive struggle between competing interests within a state

a rivalry between the branches of service – ex. army vs navy over which branch would take the lead in developing space for military purposes.

responsibilities associated with a particular job or position that shape the perspective and behavior of the individual who holds that position in foreign policy-making

maintains that foreign policy actions are generated by organizational output, namely the behavior of large bureaucracies with parochial priorities and perceptions following standard operating procedures

standard operating procedures

Individuals are the primary decision-makers in the policy process

a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of "great men", or heroes; highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or political skill utilized their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. TEXTBOOK – view that history is driven less by impersonal social, economic, and political forces than by the beliefs and character of the individual men and women who rise to positions of influence.

Bounded Rationality

Series of consistent assumption and understandings about how the world does and should work

the portion of a set of operation descriptions that specifies the operation to be performed

any approach to problem solving, learning, or discovery that employs a practical method not guaranteed to be optimal or perfect, but sufficient for the immediate goals.

In addition to substantive beliefs, many scholars argue that personality attributes can also shape policy decisions. Whether an individual is, by temperament, pragmatic or dogmatic, authoritarian or democratic, impulsive or deliberative, cautious or risk-taking can have as great an impact on that individual’s policy as his or her substantive beliefs.

· Emotions

· Physical & Mental Health

· Ego & Ambition

· Personal History & Experiences

Opportunists, Strategists, Pragmatists, crusaders

Decision-makers may not maximize national interest goals but rather settle for a more limited outcome

The tendency, especially under stress, for a group to quickly abandon critical thinking in favor of consensus and solidarity

Debate eliminates options with high domestic costs even if they might be more successful in overall efforts leaving a more limited set of options

According to the leadership style graph...which 2 styles of leadership are open to information

According to the leadership style graph...which 2 styles of leadership are closed to information

According to the leadership style graph...which 2 styles of leadership respect constraints

According to the leadership style graph...which 2 styles of leadership challenges constraints

which leadership style is most sensitive to context - inclined to bargaining and compromise, can appear excessively cautious

which leadership style is seeking information on best way to achieve goals, has clear goals, can appear unpredictable

which leadership style feels the pressure from external constraints, back off goals if the time and circumstances are not right, can appear indecisive

which leadership style is least sensitive to context, has clear goals and pursue them without hesitation, can appear bold and impetuous.

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