The "figure" in a wood generally refers to the distinct markings on the face of a wood sample.

Photosynthesis is the process in the leaf cells that uses light, carbon dioxide and water to produce simple sugars.

The Tuliptree has perfect flowers (both male and female parts).

Most of Indiana's forest land is found in the Hoosier National Forest

If seedlings cannot be planted within a few days, they should be "heeled in" in a cool shady location.

Female flowers are also called pistilate flowers

Red Cedar seeds are scattered mostly by water.

Cottonwood, willow and maple seeds are scattered mostly by wind.

. Red and black oaks are the top ranked hardwood species used by Indiana sawmills.

Osage-orange is used in the manufacture of archery bows.

Habitat is the sum of all conditions that a species needs to survive and usually includes food, water, shelter and space.

The soft maples have scaly red, blunt buds; the buds of the hard maples are brown and pointed.

Pines are seldom used to reclaim eroded soils.

. A cord is a pile of wood, bark and air spaces 4 feet high, 4 feet wide and 8 feet long.

Firewood should be stored away from the sides of buildings to increase drying rate and decrease the chance of insect infestation in the building's wooden structure.

Intolerant species are those which prefer to grow in the shade of other trees

Timber stand improvement (TSI) is designed to improve species composition, growth and quality of crop trees in an immature stand.

A stand table shows the volume per acre by species and DBH classes, while a stock table shows the number of trees per acre by species and DBH class.

Slope measures the angle of an area relative to the horizontal.

Ash and maple seeds are distributed mainly by water.

Black Walnut has dark brown, chambered pith.

Honeylocust is the only tree with doubly compound leaves found in Indiana

Osage-orange is used extensively in the manufacture of paper.

Both sugar maple and Boxelder produce their seeds in the fall.

Most of Indiana's forestlands are owned by state or federal governments.

. Oak regeneration is often hampered on good sites by competition from other species.

American beech and sugar maple are examples of intolerant species.

Tree species normally grow to heights greater than 20 feet.

Black cherry can be dangerous to livestock

. Nearly 4,000,000 acres of forest land are found in Indiana.

. Stem decay fungi are responsible for almost 80% of the disease losses in standing hardwoods.

A standard cord of wood occupies 128 cubic feet.

. The goal of best management practice approach (BMP) is to avoid soil erosion and water pollution.

Basal area is the total diameter of all trees at ground level in a sample area.

Foliage height diversity refers to the number of layers of vegetation in a particular area.

Jack Pine, Red Pine and Black Walnut are well-suited for planting on coarse sands and gravelly soils.

Male flowers are called pistilate flowers.

Wildlife can benefit forests by eating insects and burying tree seeds.

Soft maple seeds ripen in the fall and hard maple seeds ripen in the spring.

The top three hardwood species used in Indiana sawmills are red oaks, black oaks, and black cherry

Hickory is used as fuel for meat smoking.

Slippery Elm has very rough leaves and gray twigs, American Elm has slightly rough leaves and brown twigs.

Conservation means to keep something to enjoy and study.

Preservation means use of non-renewable minerals and harvesting

Sweet Gum is often found growing with Pin Oak in the low, wet woods of Southern Indiana.

Acorns are a kind of mast.

Both male and female flowers are born on the same tree in the case of pines, hickories and walnuts.

Tree plantings for erosion control are usually five to six feet apart.

Salvage cuttings are made to remove trees killed or damaged by insects, disease, wind, fire or other injurious agencies.

Diplodia Tip Blight is an important disease in pines, especially Austrian pine.

Farmers own approximately 70% of forested land in Indiana.

Most forested land in Indiana is found in the southern half of the state.

Wildlife feed on the fruits of trees such as flowering dogwood and persimmon during the winter.

Wildlife feed on the fruits of trees such as red mulberry and black cherry during the winter

Most forest fires in Indiana are caused by lightning strikes

The cambium is a thin, green layer just inside the inner bark.

Black Walnut leaves are compound.

Livestock should be left to roam the forests to fertilize the soils.

Bark is considered the "armor" of a tree.

. Willow wood is heavy, hard and strong with a high shock resistance and is typically used for flooring.

White Ash is commonly used to make ball bats, handles, oars and hockey sticks.

The seeds of elms, soft maples, willows and cottonwood ripen mostly in August.

Tulip tree and Boxelder seeds are scattered mostly by the wind.

Perfect flowers are those that have both male and female parts.

Outbreaks of insect damage are more common in mixed species stands than pure stands of one tree species.

Tree volumes can be estimated using the DBH and number of 12-foot lots.

Black Cherry and Red Mulberry seeds are scattered mostly by animals.

More mills in Indiana use Northern Red Oak and Black oak than Black Walnut

Tuliptrees and hard maples are the top ranked hardwood species used by Indiana sawmills.

American Basswood is better than White Ash for making baseball bats.

Black Cherry is used for furniture, paneling, caskets, and veneer.

Osage-orange is used in the manufacture of archery bows

Cottonwood is often used for face veneer paneling and bowling pins.

Osage-orange wood is used for fence posts and archery bows.

Willow wood is heavy and hard and is used for flooring.

Male flowers are also called staminate flowers.

Pines mature in 6 years.

Tree flowers that get pollinated never develop seeds.

Cottonwood, willow and maple seeds are scattered mostly by animals.

Basal Area is the area in square feet of the cross section of a tree stem a DBH.

Branch pruning is a cutting that removes lateral branches from crop trees to improve the value of one or more logs

Canopy is the cover of branches and foliage formed by the crowns of trees.

Aerial photographs are useful for making timber inventory maps.

Ohio buckeye has compound leaves with five leaflets.

Upper leaf surfaces of Slippery Elm are rougher than those of American Elm leaves.

Black Tupelo (Blackgum) fruits look like spiny balls.

Shagbark Hickory leaves usually have seven leaflets.

Boxelder leaves are arranged opposite to one another.

Eastern Cottonwood and Quaking Aspen leaf stems are long compared to the leaf stems of River Birch.

Both Black Oak and Northern Red Oak have bristle-tipped leaves.

Sassafras, Red Mulberry, and Boxelder have oppositely arranged leaves.

Sugar Maple leaves have rounded leaf crotches.

. Both Black Locust and Honeylocust have doubly compound leaves.

Silver maple is one of the so-called "soft maples."

Bur Oaks have acorns with a hairy fringe on the cap.

Sycamore, Tuliptree, and black willow have leaf clasps at the base of the leaf stem.

Typical logging crew consists of at least one tree feller and one skidder operator.

White oaks produce a reliable crop of acorns which is an important food source for birds and mammals.

Leaving dead trees or snags enhances the habitat of cavity nesting birds.

Thinning is the removal of trees in an overstocked woods.

Scotts Pine and Eastern White Pine are the most common Christmas trees grown in Indiana

Shearing is the least important cultural activity involved in producing a high quality Christmas tree.

Livestock can be grazed successfully without harm to Christmas tree plantations

April and May are generally the best months to plant bare-root walnut seedlings so they can establish a root system before the following winter.

Recommended spacing for walnut plantations is 12 x 12 feet

About 67% of Indiana's forested land is owned by coal companies, water companies, sawmill companies and other private owners, while farmers own about 22%.

. Most of Indiana's forest land is found on private land.

Scotch pines are the most commonly grown Christmas trees in Indiana.

Plants should be heeled in if it is going to be a week or longer till planting.

Evergreen windbreaks increase home heating costs.

Evergreen windbreaks provide winter cover for quail, pheasant, and songbirds.

Windbreaks stop 25 - 50% of the winter wind?

. The ultimate goal of the tree measuring stick is to estimate the number of board feet of lumber in a tree

The Doyle rule is the most commonly used volume scale for timber in Indiana.

Trees with over 75% defective are considered cull.

Diffuse porous woods include oaks, elms and ash.

Wood rays serve to transport substance laterally through the tree

A given volume of a hardwood, such as cottonwood, will produce more heat than a light wood, such as hickory.

A standard cord of wood measures 4 x 4 x 8 feet while a rick has a variable width.

Freshly cut wood is .43 pounds water and .57 pounds dry wood.

Erosion after timber harvest can be decreased by seeding of grasses on bare soils.

Sedimentation caused by silvicultural activities can carry nutrients and pesticides into streams and reservoirs.

Shelterwood cutting is the slow removal of an entire wood.

Trees are best planted in the spring.

Fall is the best time to plant bare root trees and shrubs