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Unit One Practice:Intro & Research

Total questions: 100

Worksheet time: 1hrs 29mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
Damage to the cerebellum would most affect the career of
a)
an architect
b)
a teacher
c)
an athlete
d)
a librarian
2.

What research method watches subjects without interfering?

a)

Naturalalistic Observation

b)

Case Study

c)

Experiment

d)

Cross-Sectional Study

3.

What research method winvolves an intensive invetigation of one or more participants?

a)

Naturalalistic Observation

b)

Case Study

c)

Experiment

d)

Cross-Sectional Study

4.

What term refers to the measure of relationship between two variables?

a)

Hypothesis

b)

Independent Variable

c)

Correlation

d)

Variable

5.

Which type of variable changes as a result of the experiment?

a)

Dependent Variable

b)

Independent Variable

c)

Extraneous Variables

d)

Correlation

6.

Which type of variable is chosen/manipulated by the experimenter?

a)

Dependent Variable

b)

Independent Variable

c)

Extraneous Variables

d)

Correlation

7.

The anthropological concept of culture includes all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a)

the ideas people learn

b)

genetic aspects of being human

c)

the material things people share

d)

the ways people behave

8.
Culture is defined: "Everything that makes up a _______. What a _________ celebrates, appreciates, or holds in high regard." 
a)
group of people
b)
country
c)
state
d)
race/ethnicity
9.

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?

a)

People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.

b)

Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males.

c)

Students with lower IQ scores tend to have lower grades.

d)

As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test.

e)

Students' shoe sizes are not related to their grades.

10.

In a drug study, neither the participants nor the person distributing the pills knows who is receiving the new drug and who is receiving the placebo. This type of research design is said to be a(n) _____ study.

a)

correlational

b)

confounding

c)

double-blind

d)

single-blind

e)

illusory

11.

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the

a)

difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

b)

average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.

c)

direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.

d)

statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.

e)

frequency of scores at each level of some measure.

12.

The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by

a)

overconfidence.

b)

illusory correlation.

c)

the placebo effect.

d)

hindsight bias.

e)

replication.

13.

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?

a)

An operational definition allows others to replicate the study.

b)

An operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described.

c)

An operational definition is easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition.

d)

An operational definition uses more scientific language than a dictionary definition.

e)

An operational definition is not necessary since a dictionary definition will work as well for replication.

14.

A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-yearolds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting?

a)

Case study

b)

Experiment

c)

Random sample method

d)

Naturalistic observation

e)

Survey

15.

A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)

a)

theory.

b)

hypothesis.

c)

operational definition.

d)

guess.

e)

random sample.

16.

Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research?

a)

Choosing a representative sample

b)

Choosing a large sample

c)

Choosing a biased sample

d)

Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population

e)

Choosing a sample whose answers will likely support your hypothesis

17.

A hypothesis is a(n)

a)

observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables.

b)

testable prediction that gives direction to research.

c)

set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts.

d)

unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning.

e)

statement of procedures used to define research variables.

18.

What do scientists call an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors or events?

a)

hypothesis

b)

theory

c)

critical thinking

d)

operational definition

e)

replication

19.

Historians of science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint?

a)

intelligence, dedication, thoroughness

b)

morality, detail-orientation, cynicism

c)

achievement-oriented, intellectual, empirical

d)

curiosity, skepticism, humility

e)

atheism, humanism, cognition

20.

Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

a)

random sampling.

b)

wording effects.

c)

the placebo effect.

d)

naturalistic observation.

e)

hindsight bias.

21.

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which research method is being used?

a)

experimentation

b)

correlation

c)

case study

d)

naturalistic observation

e)

survey

22.

George was worried about his bakery's new cupcakes after two customers disliked them on the first day, but when he surveyed his customers over the next week, more than 90% of the customers said they loved them. By giving too much weight to those two customers before the survey, George almost committed an error known as

a)

a sampling bias.

b)

wording effects.

c)

a replication error.

d)

confusing correlation with causation.

e)

not following ethical guidelines.

23.

A descriptive research technique that allows researchers to study an individual iin depth is called the ________________ method.

a)

Observation

b)

Interview

c)

Survey

d)

Case Study

24.

Which of the following attitudes is considered a scientific attitude?

a)

Skepticism

b)

Hindsight Bias

c)

Overconfidence

d)

Perceiving order in random events

25.

In an experimental situation, subjects of group B are not exposed to the special treatment, effects of which are under study, making group B the ________ group.

a)

Nonexperimental

b)

Experimental

c)

Uncontrolled

d)

Control

26.

Which ethical guideline did a researcher violate when the names of the participants were announced in error?

a)

Informed Consent

b)

Debriefing

c)

Confidentiality

d)

Protection from Discomfort.

27.

In an experiment that looks at the effects of sugar consumption on hyperactivity in children, what would the independent variable be?

a)

Hyperactivity

b)

Cookies

c)

The age of the experiment

d)

Sugar

28.

In an experiment that looks at the effects of caffeine on alertness in class, one group of students get caffeinated coffee, another group of students gets water, and a final group of students get decaffeinated coffee (but thinks it is caffeinated). The last (decaf) group would be the ____________.

a)

Control Group

b)

Placebo Group

c)

Experimental Group

d)

Confound

29.
One of the major ideas of psychology, ___________involves looking at three different influence levels.  One of those includes cultural differences
a)
critical thinking
b)
biopsychosocial
c)
Dual processing
d)
positive psychology
30.
Both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is receiving the drug in an experimental trial.  What is this known as?
a)
naturalistic observation
b)
random sampling
c)
double blind procedure
d)
replication
31.
A type of research in which one individual or group is studied in depth.
a)
naturalistic observation
b)
case study
c)
survey
d)
experiment
32.
If you study more the higher your grade will be on a test. This is which of the following?
a)
manipulation
b)
positive correlation
c)
negative correlation
d)
descriptive correlation
33.
Suppose a researcher wants to study the effect of drug A on subjects’ alertness. He divides 100 subjects into two groups of 50, an experimental group and a control group. He dissolves drug A in saline solution and injects it into all the subjects in the experimental group. He then gives all the control group subjects an injection of only saline solution.
What is the independent variable? 
a)
drug A
b)
saline solution 
c)
the subjects
d)
the needles
34.
What is it called when you overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs or judgements?
a)
Overconfidence
b)
Framing
c)
Fixation
d)
Confirmation Bias
35.

In Mrs. Riley’s class, students fill out a questionnaire about their home life, parents' careers, college interest, how many siblings, etc. What kind of research is being done?

a)

correlation study

b)

case study

c)

survey

d)

double blind procedure

36.
What is one disadvantage of a survey?
a)
Provides information about behavior that can’t be observed directly
b)
Yields a lot of information
c)
Provides a good way to generate hypotheses
d)
Can provide information about many people since it’s cheap and easy to do
37.
What is a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group? 
a)
Survey 
b)
Correlation
c)
Scatter plots
d)
Experiment 
38.
What is the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it; also known as the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon.
a)
Hypothesis 
b)
Median 
c)
Experiment 
d)
Hindsight Bias 
39.
What is an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles?
a)
Placebo effect
b)
Double-blind procedure
c)
Operational definition
d)
Case Study 
40.
What is the whole group that you want to study and describe? 
a)
Culture
b)
Hypothesis
c)
Population 
d)
Range
41.
What is a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion? 
a)
Random Sample 
b)
Operational Definition
c)
Correlation Coefficient
d)
Illusory correlation
42.
What is observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation? 
a)
Operational Definition
b)
Naturalistic Observation
c)
Illusory Correlation
d)
Experimental Group
43.
What is a measure of the relationship between two variables? 
a)
Correlation
b)
Correlation Coefficient 
c)
Experiment 
d)
Scatterplot
44.
What is In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment?
a)
Statistical Significance
b)
Experimental Group 
c)
Control Group 
d)
Dependent Variable
45.

The subgroup of the population that participates in the study

a)

sample

b)

assignment

c)

group

d)

family

46.
In a study of effects of alcohol on driving ability, the control group should be given
a)
a high dosage of alcohol
b)
one-half the dosage given the experimental group
c)
a driving test before and after drinking alcohol
d)
no alcohol at all
47.
In what type of study would a researcher study a group of people for many years?
a)
longitudinal
b)
case
c)
correlational
d)
naturalistic
48.

Which of the following is a positive correlation?

a)

As study time increases, students achieve lower grades.

b)

As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase.

c)

People who exercise regularly are more likely to be overweight.

d)

Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases.

e)

Repeatedly shooting free throws in basketball is associated with a smaller percentage of missed free throws.

49.

Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science?

a)

Psychology's methods are unlike those of any other science.

b)

Psychological experiments are less valuable without psychological science.

c)

Our commonsense thinking about human thoughts and behaviors is not always accurate.

d)

Commonsense thinking does not provide correct answers unless it is applied through the scientific method.

e)

Psychological science research is superior to that of other sciences such as biology and physics.

50.

Which of the following is not an ethical principle regarding experimental research on humans?

a)

Researchers must protect participants from needless harm and discomfort.

b)

Participants must take part in the study on a voluntary basis.

c)

Personal information about individual participants must be kept confidential.

d)

Research studies must be fully explained to participants when the study is completed.

e)

Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis of the study before they agree to participate.

51.

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

a)

dismiss the value of replication.

b)

reject any ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.

c)

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.

d)

assume that correlation proves causation.

e)

overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.

52.
A medical doctor who specializes in treating psychological problems  is a 
a)
health psychologist
b)
psychiatrist
c)
developmental psychologist
d)
research psychologist
53.
Which type of psychologist would most likely study a subject group from kindergarten to adulthood?
a)
Human-Factors
b)
Clinical
c)
Neuro
d)
Developmental
54.
Which branch of psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of persons with psychological disabilities?
a)
Counseling
b)
Clinical
c)
Cognitive
d)
Psychoanalysis
55.

Carrie is struggling to balance her school, home, and social lives. What type of psychologist would she go to for help?

a)

Clinical

b)

Counseling

c)

Cognitive

d)

Human Factors

56.
The patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another.
a)
Trait
b)
Ego
c)
Personality
d)
Id
57.

What makes psychology a science?

a)

Many psychologists have earned advanced college degrees.

b)

Psychologists may study the brain.

c)

The methods psychologists use is to ask and answer questions, experiment, observe and made predictions.

d)

Psychologists focus on studying behavior and mental processes.

58.
The most common type of psychologist is:
a)
biological
b)
social
c)
experimental
d)
clinical
59.
Industrial/organizational psychologists are most likely to be hired by:
a)
businesses interested in maximizing worker productivity.
b)
elementary schools to create reading programs to help struggling students.
c)
fast-food chains to design an employee-training program.
d)
law-enforcement agencies to analyze crime scenes.
60.

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of:

a)

conscious and unconscious mental activity

b)

observable responses to the environment

c)

observable behavior and mental processes

d)

thoughts, feelings, and perceptions

61.
What type of psychologist is most likely to wonder how the brain scans of someone experiencing an epileptic seizure differ from the scans of someone who has not had a seizure?
a)
clinical
b)
health
c)
developmental
d)
biological
62.
A Psychiatrist is a 
a)
Therapist 
b)
Medical Doctor
c)
A nurse who treats mental illness
63.

Who studied unconscious and conscious behavior?

a)

Sigmund Freud

b)

B.F. Skinner

c)

Ivan Pavlov

d)

John B. Watson

64.
Which of the following modern perspective focuses on how unconscious traumas, experiences, and motives affect human behavior?
a)
Psychodynamic
b)
Behavioral
c)
Humanistic
d)
Cognitive
65.
Which branch of psychology would argue that a child who is hungry will not be able concentrate on schoolwork or being good in class?
a)
Humanistic
b)
Behavioral
c)
Socio-Cultural
d)
Biopsychosocial
66.
Which modern psychological perspective focuses on the impact of gender, economic status, peer pressure, and ethnicity on a person's behavior?
a)
Socio-Cultural
b)
Psychodynamic
c)
Behavioral
d)
Humanistic
67.
Disney wants to increase the creativity of its staff.  What type of psychologists could help rework their offices to encourage creativity?
a)
Humanistic
b)
Cognitive
c)
Industrial-Organization
d)
Counseling
68.
Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?
a)
Sigmund Freud
b)
Abraham Maslow
c)
Ivan Pavlov
d)
B.F. Skinner
69.
Which perspective believed psychology should only study observable and objectively described acts?
a)
Humanistic
b)
Behaviorism
c)
Functionalism
d)
Structuralism
70.

An imbalance of hormones can contribute to aggressive behavior.

a)

Biological perspective

b)

Psychodynamic perspective

c)

Humanistic perspective

d)

Cognitive perspective

71.

This perspective is interested in what is actually going on in the brain that affects psychology. Might study how hormones or genes might affect personality.

a)

biological

b)

sociocultural

c)

cognitive

d)

evolutionary

72.

This perspective believes that behavioral traits that are advantageous in certain environments allow people to survive and pass down these traits to offspring.

a)

learning

b)

evolutionary

c)

cognitive

d)

biopsychosocial

73.

This perspective concentrates on how thoughts affect behavior. Might study how people perceive certain events and how this affects their behavior.

a)

cognitive

b)

biological

c)

learning

d)

psychoanalytic

74.

This perspective stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment. Unlike behaviorists, this perspective believes that people can choose their own behavior.

a)

humanistic

b)

cognitive

c)

social

d)

learning

75.

This perspective stresses the influence of unconscious desires on behavior.

a)

psychoanalytic

b)

humanistic

c)

biological

d)

learning

76.

This perspective focuses on the impact of experience on behavior.

a)

learning

b)

biological

c)

biopsychosocial

d)

humanistic

77.

This perspective takes a holistic approach to psychology. Believes that behavior and mental processes are affected by biological, cognitive, and social factors.

a)

biopsychosocial

b)

learning

c)

cognitive

d)

evolutionary

78.

This Greek philosopher encouraged people to "Know thyself."

a)

Plato

b)

Aristotle

c)

Watson

d)

Hippocrates

79.

The founder of structuralism

a)

Wilhelm Wundt

b)

William James

c)

Psamtik I

d)

Sigmund Freud

80.

Founded functionalism, using both introspection and behavioral observation.

a)

William James

b)

Wilhelm Wundt

c)

BF Skinner

d)

Yao Ming

81.

Founded behaviorism: psychology is the study of observable behavior.

a)

John Watson

b)

BF Skinner

c)

Sigmund Freud

d)

Gestalt

82.

This very famous psychologist emphasized the influence of unconscious thoughts on people's behaviors.

a)

Sigmund Freud

b)

John Watson

c)

Gestalt

d)

William James

83.

Added the idea of reinforcement to behaviorism: animals respond to reinforcement (rewards or punishment) by repeating or discontinuing behaviors.

a)

BF Skinner

b)

Joh Watson

c)

Sigmund Freud

d)

Gestalt

84.

Jill wants to study the process of thinking. Which field of psychology should she choose?

a)

Cognitive

b)

Social

c)

Personality

d)

Learning

e)

Perception

85.

By seeking to measure “atoms of the mind,” who

established the first psychology laboratory?

a)

Sigmund Freud

b)

John B. Watson

c)

Wilhelm Wundt

d)

William James

86.
Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of
a)
evolution versus natural selection.
b)
continuous versus non-continuous.
c)
structuralism versus functionalism.
d)
nature versus nurture.
87.

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?

a)

biopsychosocial

b)

cognitive

c)

humanistic

d)

social-cultural

e)

pyschodynamic

88.

Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.

a)

biopsychosocial

b)

biological

c)

psychodynamic

d)

behavioral

e)

structural

89.

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)

a)

psychiatrist

b)

I/O psychologist

c)

clinical psychologist

d)

biological psychologist

90.

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

a)

B.F. Skinner

b)

René Descartes

c)

John B. Watson

d)

Sigmund Freud

e)

John Locke

91.
 the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
a)
psychology
b)
biology
c)
morality
d)
behavior
92.
psychological perspective that focuses on the interaction of biological processes, psychological dispositions, and social factors 
a)
humanistic perspective
b)
biopsychosocial perspective
c)
social-learning theory
d)
all of the above
93.
a basic truth or law
a)
principle
b)
theory
c)
psychology
d)
all of the above
94.

a statement that attempts to explain why something is the way it is and happens the way it does

a)

construct

b)

hypothesis

c)

law

d)

theory

95.

the concept of right or good conduct

a)

theory

b)

morality

c)

constructs

d)

psychology

96.

This leading psychologist is known as the father of classical conditioning which involves learning a new behavior through the process of association.

a)

William James

b)

Ivan Pavlov

c)

B. F. Skinner

d)

Wilhelm Wundt

97.

He is the Father of Humanistic Psychology; he believes that humans are basically good and will strive to reach perfection (self-actualization).

a)

Ivan Pavlov

b)

Carl Rogers

c)

Wilhelm Wundt

d)

William James

98.

The subject matter for this perspective includes interpretation of mental images, thinking, and language.

a)

biological

b)

cognitive

c)

learning

d)

Biopsychosocial

99.

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

a)

applied research

b)

basic research

c)

theoretical research

d)

scientific research

100.

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

a)

basic research

b)

applied research

c)

practical research

d)

utilitarian research

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