There are five hierarchies of need that explain why people work. Staff first want to meet their survival needs by earning a good wage. Safety needs such as job security then become important, followed by social, self-esteem and self-fulfilment needs.

Factors that would motivate employees to work harder (motivators) e.g. empowerment and factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not actually motivate employees to work harder (hygiene factors) e.g. working conditions

Two types of people X&Y

Y people don't like work and will try to avoid it so you need to pressure them, they don't want responsibility

In Herzberg Two Factor Theory Y's like work and want responsibility, self actualization and are creative.

It's where extra tasks are added to a job description giving more of a variety of work therefore increasing job satisfaction but do not add responsibility.

Extra tasks that require more skill/responsibility are added. They fulfil higher human needs and make employees more committed.

Workers on a production line switch jobs for a while and it gives a change of work, it's very good for when someone's sick and their job needs covering: more people will know how to do the job. This does not make work more interesting.

People are paid according to the amount of...……...…….they make so the more they make the more money. It's used only when you can measure performance and workers usually work ..............but quality is often ignored. Taylor ......…….agree.

Staff are sometimes given dividends of profit as well as their basic pay and is used to motivate people. Often used in service sectors.

A payment system usually operated by sales staff where their earnings are determined by how much they sell.

Pay linked to the effectiveness of a worker where it cannot be readily measured-Teachers, Police officers etc. It's when their immediate boss looks over them and then gives them a bonus.

Autocratic in its approach but employees social and welfare needs are taken into account when a decision is made. The leader is likely to consult the workforce before implementing any decision, but he is unlikely to listen to much of the feedback

Which is the odd one out

Group of workers that meet at regular intervals in order to identify any problems with quality within production, consider alternative solutions to these problems, and then recommend to management the solution

This is a type of worker participation and it consists of regular discussions between managers and representatives of the workforce over such issues as how the business can improve its processes and procedures (in production for example).

Items an employee received in addition to their wages/salary. Known as 'perks' e.g. free meals/health insurance/company car

Unfair dismissal is when an employee’s contract is terminated but the reason is seen as unfair in the eyes of the law e.g. being pregnant or an unrelated criminal record

When an employee’s contract of employment is terminated because the job no longer exists. This may occur as a result of a change in the businesses needs including: Closure, Restructuring, Relocation, New technology and Rationalisation

The defining features of how employers and employees interact with each other on a day to day basis

The systems put in place to aid communication between employers and employees.

Which is the odd one out for soft HRM?

The ability to influence and direct people in order to meet the goals of a group

The process through which company resources are used and decisions made in order to meet the objectives of the firm

People that can inspire and motivate people to meet objectives

Set objectives and decide how to go about achieving them. They lead/motivate, make decisions and review performance

A person who is contracted to work for a business for a specified period of time e.g. 6 months to cover maternity leave

Give some degree of independence to the employees to choose their own hours of work. Normally there are certain boundaries e.g. 36 hours a week must be done anytime between 7am and 5pm per day but the employee must be in between 10hrs and 4hrs each day.

Contracted to work less hours than a full time employee e.g. 3 days a week. Hours can be increased if there is an increase in demand. Legally, part-time workers should not be treated less favourably than full time workers

This means that employees are on call to work when required by employers. However, the employers don’t have to give the employees work and the employees don’t have accept work when asked.

An organisation in which most decisions are made at a head office

An organisation that allows staff to make decisions at a local level

An organisation with few layers of hierarchy

An organisation with many layers of hierarchy

Which of these is a disadvantage of a flat structure?

Communication is often _______________ and more efficient in a flat structure.

The 7 Point Plan for carrying out selection interviews:

Physical make-up – appearance

Attainments – education

Intelligence – ability to evaluate

Aptitudes – special skills

Interests – active

Disposition – maturity

Circumstances – availability

1.Time drawing up job descriptions and person specifications (if these do not already exist)

2.Placing advertisements in newspapers or journals

3. Fees paid to a recruitment consultancy

1. Productivity time lost by employee receiving training

2. Productivity time lost by a second employee if training is provided in house

3. Fees paid to an external training provider plus employees travel costs

1. Managers time shortlisting and interviewing

2. Candidate expenses if reimbursed for interviews

3. Fees paid to assessment centres

For on the job training the employee learns in the ………………. from experienced employees. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, coaches the worker through the job stage by stage. Experienced worker may also demonstrate how the work is to be carried out

The practise of using the services of other organisations to complete all or parts of the manufacturing process is outsourcing

An individual approach is when each employee would negotiate individually with management for their own interest e.g. pay or working conditions

National organisations with a ............….to protect its members and improve their economic and ...............conditions e.g. NUT.

Occurs when candidates for a position are recruited from within the organisation. Leads to lower recruitment costs and improved promotion prospects.

limits the number of applicants and reduces talent available

Increases the talent available and increases the number of applicants. However, there will be higher recruitment costs These are advantages and disadvantages of ………….

Achieving ones full potential/achieving targets/ fulfilling potential

Prestige and feeling of accomplishment/Self respect/level of status