Everything we know is learned.

Behaviorism is the view that behavior should be explained by mental processes rather than observable actions.

When a student creates a poster, we can observe his or her mental processes.

Fear of the classroom can develop when a child associates the classroom with being criticized. In such a situation, the criticism becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) for fear.

A conditioned response is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus that occurs after UCS-CS pairing.

Discrimination in classical conditioning occurs when an organism responds to certain stimuli but not others.

Classical conditioning fails to explain how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses.

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the consequences of one's behavior produce changes in the probability of repeating that behavior.

Applied behavior analysis involves applying the principles of classical conditioning to change human behavior.

The Premack principle states that a low-probability activity can serve as a reinforcer for a high-probability activity.

Continuous reinforcement works better than partial reinforcement when students are first learning a behavior.

Bulletin boards are common locations for prompts, frequently displaying reminders of class rules, due dates for projects, the location of a meeting, and so on.

Response cost refers to taking away a certain positive reinforcer when a student displays an undesirable behavior. It usually involves some type of penalty or fine.

A prompt is an added stimulus that increases the likelihood that a discriminative stimulus will produce a desired response.

Social cognitive theory states that social and cognitive factors, as well as behavior, play important roles in learning.

Self-instructional methods are cognitive-behavioral techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior.

Self-regulatory learning consists of imposing external factors to control a student's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Dejohn is a high-achieving student who is also a self-regulatory learner. Dejohn most likely sets specific learning goals and uses more learning strategies as compared to his low-achieving peers.

As children grow, their capacity for self-regulation increases.